2022年高考英语 Unit 2 Working the land要点梳理+重点突破教案 新人教版必修4

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1、2022年高考英语 Unit 2 Working the land要点梳理+重点突破教案 新人教版必修4 要 点 梳 理 高效梳理·知识备考 ●重点单词 1．struggle vt. & vi.斗争；拼搏；努力 2．output n．产量；输出 3．hunger n．饥饿；欲望→hungry adj.饥饿的；有欲望的 4．expand vt. & vi.使变大；伸展；阐述→expansion n．扩大；增加 5．circulate vt. & vi.循环；流传→circulation n．循环流通 6．battle n．战役；战斗；较量；斗争vt. & v

2、i.搏斗；奋斗 7．therefore adv.因此；所以；因而 8．equip vt. & vi.配备；装备→equipment n．设备(不可数) 9．export vt. & vi.输出；出口→import vt. & vi.输入；入口；进口 10．nationality n．国籍→nation n．国家；民族→national adj.国家的；国有的 11．occupation n．工作；职业；占领→occupy vt.占领 12．confuse vt.使迷惑；使为难→confusing adj.令人迷惑的→confused adj.感到迷惑的→confusion

3、n．迷惑 13．regret vt.遗憾；惋惜 n．遗憾；懊悔→regretful adj.后悔的 14．chemical adj.化学的；关于化学的→chemistry n．化学→chemist n．化学家；药剂师 15．bacteria n．(bacterium的复数形式)细菌 16．reduce vt.减少；缩减；简化→reduction n．缩小；减少 17．summary n．总结；摘要；概要→summarize vt.总结 18．ment n．评论；议论 vi. & vt.表达意见；作出评论 ●重点短语 1．thanks to幸亏；由于 2．rid

4、...of 摆脱；除去 3．be satisfied with 对……感到满意 4．would rather 宁愿；宁可 5．build up 逐渐增强；建立；开发 6．lead to 导致；造成 7．focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)于 8．keep...free from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等)； 使……不含(有害物) 9．make a difference 造成差异，很重要 10．keep in mind 牢记在心 11．cause damage to 对……造成危害 12．in addition 再者，还有 13．

5、turn to 转向 ●重点句型 1．Dr. Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。 2．This special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one－third more of the crop in the same fields. 这种特别的稻种使得同样的田地多收获1/3的产量。 3．Using his hybrid rices, farmers are producing harves

6、ts twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻种子，农民们种出比以前多一倍的粮食。 4．He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。 ●高考范文 (xx·重庆卷) 国外某网站将举办新一轮网上讲座活动，正面向全球中学生征集话题。假设你是新华中学的学生李华，经常访问该网站。现请你用英文给该网站发送一封电子邮件，向其推荐话题。 内容包括： ·自我简介 ·写信目的 ·话题：我们应该感恩(thankful) ·推荐的理由 ·预祝活动成功 注意：1. 词数10

7、0左右。 2. 邮件中不能出现本人真实信息。 [范文] Dear Editor， I am Li Hua, a student from Xinhua Middle School, and in my spare time I often visit your website, from which I know that you are collecting topics for discussion. Being interested in it, I'd like to remend my topic, which is “We Should Be Thankfu

8、l”. As you know, we middle school students, the new generation, who were born in the early 1990s, have been growing up with so much love from others. Some of us always take it for granted that our parents, grandparents and teachers should take care of us. Needless to say, we seldom think of ot

9、hers‘ feelings. Therefore, I hope by discussing this topic, we can learn to thank those who always give us their selfless love. Wish your activity a success. Yours， Li Hua 考 点 探 究 互动探究·能力备考 Ⅰ.词汇短语过关 1．struggle vt. 搏斗；斗争；努力；挣扎　n．斗争；挣扎 struggle with/against 与……搏斗/斗争 struggl

10、e for sth./to do sth. 努力/争取…… struggle through 奋力通过 struggle to one‘s feet 挣扎着站起来 struggle on/along (虽艰难仍)继续做某事 with a struggle 费劲地 [即学即练1](1)They had to _________ ______ their lives ______ weather and wild animals. 为了生存他们必须与天气和野兽抗争。 (2)They had to _________ ____________ all kinds of diff

11、iculties. 他们得和各样的困难作斗争。 (3)She _________ ______ ______ ______ ______ her attacker.她挣扎着想摆脱那个袭击她的人。 struggle for against struggle with / against struggled to get away from (4)______ ______ ______ __________， the old woman gained control of her business. 经过长期努力，这位老妇人在业务上已能应付自如。 　 Af

12、ter a long struggle 2．expand vt.&vi. 使变大；伸展；阐述 expansion n. 扩张；膨胀；扩大；发展 expansive adj. 扩张性的；开展性的；广阔的 expand into/to 使扩大，变大 expand on/upon 阐述，详谈 [即学即练2](1)Metals ________ when they are heated. 金属受热会膨胀。 (2)We've __________ ______ __________ by opening two more stores. 我们增开了两个商店以扩展业务

13、。 (3)I repeated the question and waited for her to _________. 我把问题重复了一遍，等着她进行充分阐述。 expand expanded the business expand 3. therefore adv.(＝as a result of that)因此；所以 [即学即练3]He was very tired and __________ he fell sound asleep. ＝He was very tired. __________ he fell sound asleep. ＝H

14、e was very tired, ______ he fell sound asleep. 他累得很，因此睡得很熟。 therefore Therefore so 提示：therefore 是副词，不能引导从句，两个句子之间要用连词或者分号；而 so是连词，可接从句。 4．equip vt.&vi. 配备；装备 equipment n. [U]装备；设备 equip sb./sth. with sth. 用某物装备某人/物 equip sb./sth. for (doing) sth. 为(做)某事而准备 sb. be equipped to do sth

15、. 某人有准备做某事 equip sb. to do sth. 使某人能够做某事 be equipped with sth. 装备有某物 a piece of equipment 一件设备 [即学即练4](1)Our classroom ______ ________ ______ a TV set and a tape recorder. 我们的教室里配有一台电视和一台录音机。 (2)A good education should ______ ______ ______ ______.良好的教育能使你受用终生。 (3)Our school has been given

16、 ______ ______ __________. 我们学校有了一些赠送的新设备。 is equipped with equip you for life some new equipment 5．regret v．&n. 遗憾；后悔；惋惜 refuse with much regret (many regrets) 婉言拒绝 to one's regret 令人遗憾的是 feel regretful for....对……感到后悔 express regret for/at/over sth... 对……表示遗憾 regret＋n./pron.

17、/doing/having done 后悔做某事 regret＋that－clause 后悔，遗憾…… regret to say/tell/inform... 很抱歉地说/告诉/通知…… It's much to be regretted that... 令人遗憾的是…… [即学即练5](1)He regretted _________ ______ careless. ＝He regretted ______ ______ ______ ______ careless. 他对于自己的粗心大意感到懊悔。 (2)I regret ______ ______ you t

18、hat we are unable to offer you employment. 我遗憾地通知你，我们不能雇用你。 (3)______ ______ ______ ______， I must leave now. 令我很遗憾的是，我现在必须离开了。 (4)We heard ______ ______ that you were not successful in your plan. 听到你的计划不能顺利进行，我们觉得很可惜。 having been that he had been to inform Much to my regret with r

19、egret 6．focus n．(兴趣、活动等的)中心；焦点 v．(使)集中，聚集；(使)聚焦 be in focus 焦距对准；清晰 be out of focus 焦距没对准；模糊 bring sth. into focus 把某物集中在焦点上 focus sth. on (upon) sth.＝fix...on... 使……集中于…… be focused on/upon sth.＝be fixed on 集中于…… [即学即练6](1)The ______ ______ my camera isn‘t working properly. 我照相机上的

20、调焦装置有毛病。 (2)Her beauty makes her ______ ______ ______ ________. 她长得漂亮，很惹人注意。 (3)We should ______ ______ _________ ______ our study. 我们应该把注意力放在学习上。 (4)She felt all the eyes ______ _________ ______ her. 她觉得所有人都在注视着她。 focus on the focus of attention focus our attention on were focused

21、 on 7．reduce vt. 减少；缩减；简化 reduce one's expenditure 减少某人的开支 be reduced to despair 陷入绝望 reduce to... 降至…… reduce by... 减少了…… [即学即练7](1)He persuaded them to ______ the price ______ $1 000. 他设法使他们的价格降到1 000美元。 (2)Production costs have ______ ________ ______ one third. 生产成本下降了1/3。 (3)T

22、he fire __________ the forest ______ a few trees. 大火把森林烧得仅剩下几棵树了。 reduce to been reduced by reduced to 8．ment vt.评论 n．评论，意见，议论 ask for ment 征求意见 make ments on sth.评论某事 No ment. 无可奉告。 Without ment. 不必多说。 ment(v.)on/ upon sth.评论，对……发表意见 ment(v.)that－clause评论…… [即学即练8](1)Have yo

23、u any ___________ ______ the proposals？你对这些建议有什么意见吗？ (2)It created ______ ___________ in the press. 这引起报界广泛的评论。 (3)He made some useful ___________ ______ my work. 他对我的作品作了一些实用的评论。 (4)He ____________ that it was an excellent film. 他评论这部电影很精彩。 ments on wide ment ments on mented 9．th

24、anks to 由于；多亏(介词短语，在句中做原因状语，常置于句首或句末) because of 因为；由于 owing to 由于，因……之缘故 as a result of 作为……的结果，由于 due to 因为，由于(不能放在句首) on account of 由于；因为 [即学即练9](1)_________ ______ Jim's warning, we avoided the accident. 多亏吉姆的提醒，我们避免了一场事故。 (2)I couldn't attend the meeting ______ ______ illness. 我因病不

25、能出席会议。 (3)The delay was ______ ______ power failure. 延滞是由于停电。 Thanks to owing to due to 10．rid sb./oneself/sth. of sth. 使……摆脱…… be/get rid of 去掉，摆脱；抛弃 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事 be free of... 摆脱…… [即学即练10](1)One day we will manage to ______ ______ _____

26、_ ______ this terrible disease. 总有一天我们有办法使这种可怕的疾病在世界上绝迹。 (2)You must ______ _________ ______ these old－fashioned ideas.你必须摒弃这些陈旧观念。 (3)We‘ll have to ______ ______ ______ him. 我们必须摆脱他。 (4)How can we ______ ______ ______ all the flies in the kitchen? 我们怎样才能把厨房内的苍蝇统统消灭掉？ rid the world of rid

27、 yourself of get rid of get rid of 11．be satisfied with 对……感到满意 be satisfied that... 满意…… be satisfied to do 乐意干…… satisfy vt.满意；使满意 satisfied adj. 感到满意的 satisfying adj. 令人满意的 satisfactory adj. 令人满意的 satisfaction n. 满意，满足 [即学即练11](1)I __________________ the result. 我对那个结果很满

28、意。 (2)My parents try to __________________. 我父母尽量满足我的需求。 (3)There was __________________ on his face. 他脸上露出了满意的微笑。 (4)________________________，my boss agreed to my suggestion. 很使我满意的是，老板同意了我的建议。 was satisfied with satisfy my needs a satisfied look Much to my satisfaction 12．lead to

29、通向，导致，致使 lead＋n.＋to sth. 引导……到…… lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做某事 [即学即练12](1)The bank has offered a reward for any information ____________ the arrest of the men. 银行悬赏任何能将这些人绳之以法的情报。 (2)What _____________________ acting as a career？是什么让你开始从事演艺事业的？ 　 leading to led you to take up 提示：(1)lea

30、d to中的 to为介词，后面跟代词、名词或动名词。类似的词组还有：devote to 致力于/pay attention to 对……加以注意/object to 反对/stick to 坚持/look forward to 期望，等等。 (2)lead to 不用被动语态。 (3)lead to 是前因后果，而 lie in (＝result from) 是前果后因。 13．keep...free from/of 使……免受(影响、伤害等) 使……不含(有害物) free from 没有……，免于……，无……之忧 free of 无……的；免于……的，离开了……的

31、free sb./sth. from... 使某人/某物自由；解放；释放 for free＝free of charge 免费地，无偿地 be free to do sth. 自由地做某事 be free with sb. 对某人放肆 free as the air 自由自在 set sb. free 释放某人 [即学即练13](1)______ the table ____________ dirt by putting a cover over it. 用个东西把桌子罩住，免得灰尘落在上面。 (2)The lake ______________ pollution.

32、 这湖没有污染。 (3)The secretary _________________ all blame for the errors.这些失误完全不能怪秘书。 (4)Try to __________________ all prejudices. 尽量消除一切偏见。 Keep free from is free of was free from free yourself from Ⅱ.重点句型详解 1．Dr Yuan Longping grows what_is_called_super_hybrid_rice. 袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”

33、的稻种。 what is called super hybrid rice用做grows的宾语从句，为一名词性从句，也可称为whatclause；而且what在从句中可用做主语、宾语或者表语。此从句在结构上相当于“the＋名词＋定语从句”。 ①After a hard time they came to what is called America today.艰难的努力后他们来到了现在称作美洲的地方。 ②We now live in what is called the Information Age. 我们现在生活在所谓的信息时代。 ③He graduated from

34、 what was called a key high school. 他毕业于一所所谓的重点高中。 [即境活用1]　(1)(xx·浙江卷)Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home. A．what　 B．that C．which D．one 答案：A 解析：句意：一些孩子想学习一门不同于家中父母所讲的语言来挑战自我。what引导名词性从句，在句中做from的宾语。

35、 (2)A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago. A．what B．which C．that D．where 答案：A 解析：该句意为：一座现代化的城市在十年前是一片废墟的地方建立起来。 2．He would much rather keep time for his hobbies. 他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。 (1)would rather 意为“宁愿，更愿意”，后接动词原形，否定式是在 would rather 后加 not/never。

36、 ①—Shall we dine out? —I‘d rather stay at home. ——我们要不要出去吃饭？ ——我宁愿留在家里。 ②I‘d rather not tell anybody about it. 我不愿把这事告诉任何人。 (2)would rather do sth. than do sth./would do sth. rather than do sth. 意为“宁愿做某事而不去做某事”。 ①I would rather listen to others than talk myself. 我愿意听别人说，自己不愿意说。 ②He woul

37、d rather die than give in. 他宁死不屈。 (3)would rather have done sth. 意为“要是做过某事就好了；宁愿做过某事”，表示后悔或遗憾等语气。 I would rather have taken his advice yesterday. 我昨日要是听了他的建议就好了。 (4)would rather 后接 that从句时，从句中的谓语动词用过去时态虚拟语气。 ①I would rather (that) he didn‘t e. 我宁愿他没来。 ②I’d rather you told me the truth. 我

38、更愿意你给我讲实话。 [即境活用2]　(1)Would you mind my using your puter for a little while? —______. A．No, please don't B．I'd rather you didn't C．I'm afraid not D．Sure, it's my pleasure 答案：B 解析：考查交际用语。I'd rather you didn't. 常用来委婉拒绝别人的请求。 (2)I would rather ______ the football match last night

39、with my friends; otherwise, I would have finished my paperwork by now. A．not have watched B．not watch C．hadn't watched D．haven't watched 答案：A 解析：考查 would rather (not)＋have done 意为“宁愿(未)做过某事”，表示后悔或遗憾。 易 错 点 拨 自我完善·误区备考 1.expand/extend/spread/stretch (1)expand“展开，扩大”，不仅指尺寸的增加，还可

40、指范围和体积的扩大。 (2)extend “伸出，延伸”，指空间范围的扩大，以及长度、宽度的朝外延伸，也可指时间的延长。 (3)spread“伸开，传播”，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播(疾病)，散布(信息)等。 (4)stretch“伸展，拉长”，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。 [应用1]　(1)The cat _________ out in front of the fire.猫在火炉前伸开四肢。 (2)The hot weather __________ to October.炎热的天气一直持续到十月份。 (3)As children g

41、row older they _________ their interests and bee more confident. 随着年龄的增长，孩子们的兴趣会变广泛，人也会变得更自信。 stretched extended expand (4)The fire soon _________ to the nearby buildings. 火势不久就蔓延到邻近的建筑。 spread 2. would rather的用法 [应用2]　(1)－Did you say anything at the meeting? －Yes, but ______ it.

42、 A．I’d rather not do B．I’d rather not doing C．I’d rather not have done D．I’d rather not did 答案：C 解析：would rather not have done，表示“宁愿没有做，而实际上做了”。 (2)－Would you rather ______ there tomorrow? －No. I’d rather he ______ there instead of me. A．to go; will go B．go; went C．go; will go

43、 D．going; shall go 答案：B 解析：Would you rather do sth.？“你愿意做……吗？”因此第一个空要用动词原形；第二个空要用虚拟语气，即would rather sb. did sth.“宁愿别人做……”。 (3)－Will you join us in playing cards? －Thank you, but ______ at the moment. A．I’d like to not B．I’m afraid so C．I’d rather not D．I’d better not to 答案：C

44、 解析：A项中的not要放在to前才对；B项中的so要改为I can’t才对；D项中的to应去掉才对。 (4)－The final exam is ing. Would you mind my staying up late, going over my lessons? －I’d rather you ______. With the light on, I can’t fall asleep. A．don’t B．didn’t C．won’t D．haven’t 答案：B 解析：“would rather＋从句”时，从句的谓语动词用过去时，选B。

45、 高 效 作 业 自我测评·技能备考 Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．They asked so many questions that I got c___________. 2．Metals e____________ when they are heated. 3．The people there are fighting to gain their f_______ from foreign control. 4．We are not doing a c__________ experiment but a physical one. 5．India e________

46、__ tea and cotton to many different countries. confused　 expand freedom chemical exports 6．Now, people in the south grow a lot of rice that has a high __________ (产量)． 7．This kind of food contains all the ___________ (营养) our body needs. 8．People in the area were ground down by _________

47、 (饥饿) and poverty. 9．They have sold up ten bottles of ___________ (矿泉) water in the afternoon. 10．We should make a _______________(总结) of the results of the exam briefly. output　 nutrition hunger mineral summary Ⅱ .单项选择 1．(xx·华师大附中)－How long have these archaeologists stayed in thi

48、s village? －Not long, just ______ this Monday. A．on B．until C．after D．since 答案：D 解析：考查介词。依据问句可知是现在完成时，而A、B、C三个选项都不能与现在完成时连用，只有since与过去时间点连用时用现在完成时，故D正确。 2．The policeman's ______ traffic directions made all the drivers quite ______. A．confused; confused B．confusing; confusing C

49、．confusing; confused D．confused; confusing 答案：C 解析：confusing “令人迷惑的”，多修饰物；confused “感到迷惑的”，多修饰人。 3．—Robert is indeed a wise man. —Oh, yes. How often I have regretted ______ his advice! A．to take B．taking C．not to take D．not taking 答案：D 解析：考查regret 的用法。 regret to do 遗憾要做某事，reg

50、ret doing 后悔做了某事。题意为“我经常后悔没有听取他的建议”。 4．If I ruled the world I would ______ the world ______ wars, killers and everything else that is bad. A．get rid of; by B．be rid of; by C．rid; of D．get rid; of 答案：C 解析：考查 rid...of...“使……摆脱……”。 5．(xx·安徽皖南八校二联)One primary goal of UNESCO is to

51、______ modern knowledge society in which all people can participate in information and knowledge. A．make up B．polish up C．build up D．take up 答案：C 解析：考查动词短语辨析。build up建立；take up从事；polish up改善，润色；make up弥补，虚构，整理，和解，化妆。句意：建立现代化的知识社会，让所有的人都能参与信息与知识，是联合国教科文组织的主要目标之一。 6．Through determinat

52、ion, she had learned to read and write and ______ to bee part of the leadership of the village. A．appeared B．struggled C．hesitated D．failed 答案：B 解析：struggle to do sth. 意为“努力做某事”。 7．(xx·南昌二中)On the bank of the river, we found him ______ on a beach, with his eyes ______ on a kite in t

53、he sky. A．seated; fixing B．sitting; fixing C．seated; being fixed D．sitting; fixed 答案：D 解析：考查非谓语动词。第一空用seated或sitting作宾补，第二空是with复合结构，由fix one's eyes on sth可知应用过去分词fixed。 8．—How does Alma like her new job? —She ______ with the hours. A．can't satisfy B．isn't satisfied C．doesn't

54、 satisfy D．hasn't satisfied 答案：B 解析：be satisfied with 对……感到满意。satisfy vt. “使满意”，主语是物，宾语是人。 9．(xx·山西太原五中)The falling of the new building ______ its soft base. A．resulted in B．suffered from C．led to D．lay in 答案：D 解析：考查短语辨析。语意：新楼的倒塌在于根基不牢。此处lie in表示“(原因)在于”。A项与C项的意思基本相同，表示“导致”，B项

55、表示“遭受”，都不符合语意。 10．He had to take the medicine three times a day, so as to be______pain in the leg. A．far from B．away from C．apart from D．free from 答案：D 解析：be free from “免除……，摆脱……”； far from“远离” ；be away from “离开”；apart from “除了”。句意为“他不得不每天吃三次药，为的是摆脱腿部的疼痛”。 11．Much of the farm i

56、s under water; ______ the grain, most of that has been ruined. A．owing to B．thanks to C．as for D．as with 答案：C 解析：句意：农场大部分被水淹了；至于谷物，大部分已被毁了。A.由于；B.幸亏，由于；C.至于；D.与……一样。 12．He was very busy, and ______ he didn’t go to the party that night. A．however B．otherwise C．therefore D．

57、anyhow 答案：C 解析：however然而；otherwise否则；therefore因此；anyhow不管怎样。 13．The population of Africa is ______ so rapidly as to cause concern of the whole world. A．expanding B．stretching C．extending D．spreading 答案：A 解析：expand 不仅指尺寸增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。stretch指由曲变直、由短变长；extend指空间范围的扩大或长宽的向外延伸，也指时间的延

58、长；spread 指向四面八方扩大或传播。 14．China has successfully sent up the Shenzhou Ⅶ spacecraft into the sky ______ with devices of sophisticated science and technology. A．equipped B．equipping C．to be equipped D．having been equipped 答案：A 解析：be equipped with “装备有……”，句中equipped 为过去分词做后置定语。 15．

59、—Did you scold the boy for his mistakes? —Yes, but ______ it. A．I'd rather not do B．I'd not better do C．I'd rather not to have done D．I'd rather not have done 答案：D 解析：考查 would rather的用法。would rather (not) have done 表示遗憾，“宁愿(未)做某事”。 Ⅲ .完形填空 It was a normal Monday morning at an assemb

60、ly, and the old headmaster was addressing the students on important things in life and about __1__ ourselves to what is important to us. This is how the story went： An old man lived in a certain part of London, and he would wake up every morning and go to the __2__. He would get the train r

61、ight to Central London, and then sit at the street corner and __3__. He would do this every single day of his life. He sat at the same street corner and begged for almost 20 years. His house was filthy (肮脏的), and a stench came out of the house and it smelled __4__ . The neighbors coul

62、d not __5__ the smell anymore, so they summoned the police officers to __6__ the place. The officers __7__ down the door and cleaned the house. There were small bags of __8__ all over the house that he had __9__ over the years. The police counted the money, and they soon realized that

63、the old man was a __10__. They waited outside his house in anticipation (预料) to __11__ the good news with him. When he arrived home that evening, he was met by one of the officers who told him that there was no __12__ for him to beg any more as he was a rich man now, a millionaire. He said __

64、13__ at all; he went into his house and locked the door. The next morning he woke up as usual, went to the street and continued to beg. __14__， this old man had no great plans, dreams or anything __15__ for his life. We learn nothing from this story other than staying __16__ the things we e

65、njoy doing, mitment. We should remain true to our course, which may mean devoting yourselves to things that people around you would __17__ disapprove. Let nothing distract us from being happy; let nothing else determine our fate, but __18__ . What makes us happy is what __19__ in the en

66、d...not what we acquire (获得)． This particular story is one such lesson that I will never forget. Every time I don't concentrate on course, I get __20__ of this story. 1．A. attracting B. agreeing C. believing D. devoting 2．A. street B. factory C. subway D. airport 3．A. beg B. wait C. attempt D. evaluate 4．A. pleasant B. horrib C. endless D. serious 5．A. explain B. forget C. judg