2022年考研-考研英语二考试全真模拟测试45

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1、住在富人区的她 2022年考研-考研英语二考试全真模拟测试（带答案） 题目 一 二 三 四 五 六 总分 得分 一.单项选择题(共15题) 1.根据下面资料，回答36-40题 Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It's easy to beat plastic. They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Env

2、ironment Day—— encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single——use plastic staples like straws and cutlery to combat the plastics crisis. The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-use plasti

3、cs. But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets. My concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved. On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will acc

4、omplish little and require very. little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions———a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in char

5、ge. While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account

6、to push for real systemic change. It's important to acknowledge that the environment isn't everyone's priority——or even most people's. We shouldn't expect it to be. In her latest book, Why Good People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the b

7、est way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural. This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will

8、"eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022. " There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal. DeSombre isn't saying people should stop caring about the environment. It's just that in

9、dividual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be the only, or even primary, approach to changing wide-spread behavior. None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape coll

10、ective action ( and rein in polluting businesses), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. Some celebrities star in a new video to_______. A. demand new laws on the use of plastics B. urge consumers to cut the use of plastics C. invite public opinion on the plastics crisis D. disclos

11、e the causes of the plastics crisis 正确答案：B, 2.You may wonder why anyone would want to weigh a building! Well, engineers →　1　←a tunnel or underpass need to make it strong →　2　←to support the weight of the ground and any buildings →　3　← 　　Building a tunnel under a new building is →　4　←probl

12、em. The quantity surveyors will know how heavy the building is →　5　←it is different when old buildings are →　6　←Plans may have been lost, or perhaps they never existed. So surveyors →　7　←have to spend weeks or months measuring and →　8　←Even then, results might not be accurate. 　　When engineers in M

13、oscow wanted to build a railway tunnel under the →　9　←, marble and granite Hotel Moskva, built in the 1930s, they decided to →　10　←cosmic rays from space to discover how much weight had to be supported by the tunnel.      　　Cosmic rays from outer space pour over us at a→　11　←rate from all directi

14、ons. Some are →　12　←and penetrate right through the earth, just →　13　←X-rays pass through our bodies. Weaker ones are stopped by soil and building, so →　14　←me as- uring how many cosmic rays penetrate through the soil and buildings above the →　15　←tunnel, the weight the tunnel will have to support c

15、an be calculated →　16　←the Russian engineers dug a tiny pilot tunnel under the hotel and placed cosmic ray →　17　←in it. By measuring how many rays had passed through the hotel and the hotel ground above the pilot tunnel, they →　18　←out that the Moskva weighs 45,000 tons. This →　19　←a ground pressure

16、 of 1.1kilograms →　20　←square centimeter, so the railway tunnel will have to be strong enough to take this pressure. ______ A. Whatever B. However C. Whereas D. Wherever 正确答案：B, 3.根据下面资料，回答21-25题 Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a

17、requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 percent of

18、 the "core skills" within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future. The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers who

19、se skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company that decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy, ultimately retraining 18,000 employees. Pre

20、pandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situat

21、ion where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment is high. With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 percent and 5.5 percent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generati

22、onal lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 percent and 13.7 percent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages o

23、f doctors, nurses and other medical personnel. Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned

24、. That seems to be the case in Sweden: when forced to furlough 90 percent of their cabin staff, Scandinavian Airline decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a

25、 Swedish university. Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context. You can easily imagine a chorus of "you can't do that" because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and using any support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end in disaster. May

26、be. Or maybe it is something that can work well in Sweden, with its history of cooperation between business, labour and government, but not in North America where our history is very different. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinary things take place, but it is business as usual

27、 after the fact. And yet, as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapid reskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case, Swedens' work force is now more skilled, in more things, and more flexible than it was before. Of course, reskilling programs, whet

28、her for pandemic needs or the postpandemic world, are expensive and at a time when everyone's budgets are lean, this may not be the time to implement them. Then again, extending income support programs to get us through the next months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having a swath

29、of long-term unemployed in the POST-COVID years. Given that, perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than a buzzword. Research by the World Economic forum suggests_______. A. an increase in full-time employment B.

30、 an urgent demand for new job skills C. a steady growth of job opportunities D. a controversy about the "core skills" 正确答案：B, 4.To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building

31、a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction. 　　There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can thro

32、ughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it. 　　Newport also recommends “deep scheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time. “At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once

33、 on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor's appointment or important meeting”, he writes. 　　Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day —in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder

34、to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day. 　　While the researchers assumed that the well-str

35、uctured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap

36、the best results. 　　In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.” 　　“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body… [idleness] is, paradoxically, nec

37、essary to getting any work done, ” he argues. 　　Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused and unfocused on

38、 a task, they tend to be more efficient. 　　“What people don't realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain,” says Pillay. Pillay believes that our brains' shift between being focused and unfocused _____. A. can result i

39、n psychological well-being B. can bring about greater efficiency C. is aimed at better balance in work D. is driven by task urgency 正确答案：B, 5.While fossil fuels—coal, oil, gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world's energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future

40、belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line. 　　Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources.

41、 But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables, especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years. 　　In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal e

42、nergy source. In Scotland, for example, wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March, for the first time, wind and solar power accounted for m

43、ore than 10 percent of the power generated in the US, reported the US Energy Information Administration. 　　President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa, he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message

44、 did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state's electricity generation—and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers. 　　The question “what happens when the wind

45、doesn't blow or the sun doesn't shine?” has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely. 　　The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers, who are placing big bets on batt

46、ery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years. 　　While there's a long way to go, the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding

47、up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn't do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought. The word “plummeting” (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _____. A. stabilizin

48、g B. changing C. falling D. rising 正确答案：C, 6.You may wonder why anyone would want to weigh a building! Well, engineers →　1　←a tunnel or underpass need to make it strong →　2　←to support the weight of the ground and any buildings →　3　← 　　Building a tunnel under a new building is 

49、→　4　←problem. The quantity surveyors will know how heavy the building is →　5　←it is different when old buildings are →　6　←Plans may have been lost, or perhaps they never existed. So surveyors →　7　←have to spend weeks or months measuring and →　8　←Even then, results might not be accurate. 　　When engi

50、neers in Moscow wanted to build a railway tunnel under the →　9　←, marble and granite Hotel Moskva, built in the 1930s, they decided to →　10　←cosmic rays from space to discover how much weight had to be supported by the tunnel.      　　Cosmic rays from outer space pour over us at a→　11　←rate from a

51、ll directions. Some are →　12　←and penetrate right through the earth, just →　13　←X-rays pass through our bodies. Weaker ones are stopped by soil and building, so →　14　←me as- uring how many cosmic rays penetrate through the soil and buildings above the →　15　←tunnel, the weight the tunnel will have to

52、 support can be calculated →　16　←the Russian engineers dug a tiny pilot tunnel under the hotel and placed cosmic ray →　17　←in it. By measuring how many rays had passed through the hotel and the hotel ground above the pilot tunnel, they →　18　←out that the Moskva weighs 45,000 tons. This →　19　←a groun

53、d pressure of 1.1kilograms →　20　←square centimeter, so the railway tunnel will have to be strong enough to take this pressure. ______ A. employ B. use C. apply D. adopt 正确答案：B, 7.根据下面资料，回答36-40题 Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reporte

54、d for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace

55、. However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level. Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare

56、, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be havi

57、ng a very hard time making ends meet. There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down.Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent) from its year ago level. We know the diff

58、erence between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is "yes", they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they wor

59、ked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week. The issue of yoluntary part-time relates to Obamac

60、are because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health in

61、surance. However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare ther

62、e is no longer a link between employment and insurance. Involuntary part-time employment in the US_______. A. is harder to acquire than one year ago B. shows a general tendency of decline C. satisfies the real need of the jobless D. is lower than before the recession 正确答案：B, 8.根据下

63、面资料，回答21-25题 Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Laleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whet

64、her rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat--one social and one asocial--for four days. The robot rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels to move around and colorful markings.

65、 During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened cage doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side. Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave

66、the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever. Across 18 trial each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being, says Quinn. The rats may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robo