2020届高中英语 5年高考3年模拟 专题17 阅读理解之主旨大意题（浙江专版）

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1、2020届英语科5年高考3年模拟[浙江专版] 专题17 阅读理解之主旨大意题 【备考策略】 这类题主要是测试学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。常见的设题方式有： (1) Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage? (2) What is the writer trying to tell us? (3) Which of the following is the best title for the

2、 passage? (4) The purpose of the passage is. (5) The main (general) idea of the passage is. (6) The passage is mainly about. (7) What is mainly discussed in the passage? 这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，一些文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们

3、在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾, 总结本段大意。 做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。 主题句在整个语段中起着通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的，其位置一般位于段首，也见于段尾或段中。 另外在许多文段中，设有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 这就需要进一步加工概括了。 〖第一招〗 在许多情况下，尤其在阅读

4、说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法。浏览时，一般不需逐句浏览，只需选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。 有些文章的主题句或者说“文眼”出现在文章的最后，此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点，或者引用某个人的话印证自己的观点，以此归纳文章的主旨大意，所以有时要找出这样的信息，从中提炼标题或归纳大意。 〖第二招〗抓住文章段落大意，概括

5、中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。在这个过程中，考生们不能只依据只言片语，或光看文章的某一些段落，而应该观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的重点，考虑文章中材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心来安排的。最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。即不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 〖第三招〗抓住文章主线和关键词语，归纳文章中心 要注意不是所有的段落都有主题句，有时主题句暗含在句中。阅读这样的文章，就需要自己根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析

6、的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。 考点解析 该题型提问的形式主要有三类：第一类是Main Idea型；第二类是Topic/Title型；第三类是Purpose and Attitude型。 Ⅰ.Main Idea型 这种题型一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题思想或目的设题；有的也会针对文中的某一关键段落的思想和目的进行设题。 Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage? The main (general) idea of the

7、 passage is ______. From the passage we know that ______. What's the main idea /topic / subject /point of this passage? What does the passage mainly deal with? The article is written to explain ______. All the details in this passage support the main idea ______. What does the last paragraph m

8、ainly discuss? The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. What's the main idea of the third paragraph? 1．首先要找出文章的主题句(Topic Sentence)，即中心思想，其他句子则为支撑句或扩展句(Developing Details)，是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的。 2．在许多文段中，没有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。但必须注意：既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 Ⅱ

9、.Topic/Title型 在阅读理解的命题中，有时要求确定相应的标题，以考查考生对全文中心思想的理解。　　 The best title/ headline for this passage might be ______. The text (passage) could be entitled ______. What is the best title for the passage? Which of the following can be the best title for this passage? The topic of the passage is ____

10、__. 1．给文章加标题，首先要把握好文章大意，不能把文章某一段的大意看做是整篇文章的大意，更不能把文章细节看成是文章大意，以防标题的片面性。 2．注意文章的体裁及文章意图。根据不同体裁，结合叙述的过程、说明的用途、议论的主题等，从而正确地确定标题。 3．注意文章标题本身的句法和语法特征：一是要言简意赅，引人注目；二是要利用省略等修辞手段，尽量使标题句法结构正确。 Ⅲ.Purpose and Attitude型 每一篇文章都能体现出其写作意图、作者的态度和观点。命题中常结合考生对文章的理解，考查对写作目的和作者态度的理解。常见的设题方式有： The author's main pu

11、rpose in writing the passage is ______. The passage is meant to ______. The purpose of this article is ______. The author's attitude toward…is best described as one of ______. What might be the purpose of the author to write this passage? What is the author's main purpose in this passage 文章需要通

12、过细节来支撑文章的思想和大意，而作者正是通过这些思想和大意来体现其态度、观点和目的。因此，领会文章的态度、观点和目的与文章的主旨大意是密不可分的。 【答案及解析】B　主旨大意题。文章第六、七两段点出了文章的主题思想。The game between humans and their smart devices is amusing and complex. 人与科技之间的游戏既有趣又复杂，所以文章讲的是人类与科技之间的关系。 五年高考 A组 2020年全国高考题组 1.【2020浙江卷C 】 Two friends have an argument that bleak

13、s up their friendship forever, even though neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, "In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of childre

14、n and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence". Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit? First of all, students need to realize

15、 that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each luncht

16、ime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict. Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable, they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution (解决) stay calm.

17、Once the student feels calmer, he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words, name-calling, and accusation only add fuel to the emotional fir On the other hand, soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.

18、 After both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution; listening. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side, and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterward, the listener can ask non-

19、threatening questions to clarify the speaker's position. Then the two people should change roles. Finally, students need f. consider what they are hearing. This doesn't mean trying to figure out what's wrong with the other person. It means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides ar

20、e trying to accomplish. For example, a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things. Students need to ask themselves questions such as these: How did this start? What do I really want? What am I afraid off As the

21、issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller. Even if it doesn't, careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution. There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution pr

22、ogram, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, "64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves". Learning to resolve conflicts c

23、an help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. 50. This article is mainly about . A. the lives of school children B. the cause of arguments in schools C. how

24、 to analyze youth violence D. how to deal with school conflicts 50.【答案】D 【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段最后一句Given that this is the case, why aren't students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?和整体理解，可知答案D符合文意。 2.【2020天津卷 A】 Bicycle S

25、afety Operation Always ride your bike in a safe, controlled manner on campus(校园). Obey rules and regulations. Watch out for walkers and other bicyclists, and always use your lights in dark conditions. Theft Prevention Always securely lock your bicycle to a bicycle rack---even if you are only awa

26、y for a minute. Register your bike with the University Department of Public Safety. It’s fast, easy, and free. Registration permanently records your serial number, which is useful in the possible recovery of the bike stolen. Equipment Brakes Make sure that they are in good working order and adjus

27、ted properly. Helmet A necessity, make sure your helmet meets current safety standards and fit properly. Lights Always have a front headlight---visible at least 500 feet in front of the bike. A taillight is a good idea. Rules of the Road Riding on Campus As a bicycle rider, you have a respon

28、sibility to ride only on streets and posted bicycle paths. Riding on sidewalks or other walkways can lead to a fine. The speed limit for bicycles on campus is 15mph, unless otherwise posted. Always give the right of ways to walkers. If you are involved in an accident, you are required to offer appro

29、priate aid, call the Department of Public Safety and remain at the scene until the officer lets you go. Bicycle Parking Only park in areas reserved for bikes. Trees, handrails, hallways, and sign posts are not for bicycle parking, and parking in such posts can result in a fine. If Things Go Wrong

30、 If you break the rules, you will be fined. Besides violating rules while riding bicycles on campus, you could be fined for: No bicycle registration---------------------------------------------------$25 Bicycle parking banned--------------------------------------------------$30 Blocking path wit

31、h bicycle ---------------------------------------------$40 Violation of bicycle equipment requirement -------------------------$35 40. What is the passage mainly about? A. A guide for safe bicycling on campus. B. Directions for bicycle tour on campus. C. Regulations of bicycle race on campus.

32、 D. Rules for riding motor vehicles on campus. 3. 【2020湖南卷 B】 Still seeking a destination for your weekend break? There are some places which are probably a mere wall away from your college. King’s Art Centre A day at the Centre could mean a visit to an exhibition of the work of one of the most

33、 interesting contemporary artists on show anywhere. This weekend sees the opening of an exhibition of four local artists. You could attend a class teaching you how to ‘learn from the masters’ or get more creative with paint – free of charge. The Centre also runs two life drawing classes for which

34、there is a small fee. the Botanic Garden The Garden has over 8,000 plant species; it holds the research and teaching collection of living plants for Cambridge University. The multi-branched Torch Aloe here is impressive. The African plant produces red flowers above blue-green leaves, and is not o

35、ne to miss. Get to the display house to see Dionaea muscipula, a plant more commonly known as the Venus Flytrap that feeds on insects and other small animals. The Garden is also a place for wildlife-enthusiasts. Look for grass snakes in the lake. A snake called ‘Hissing Sid’ is regularly seen lyin

36、g in the heat of the warm sun. Byron’s Pool Many stories surround Lord Byron’s time as a student of Cambridge University. Arriving in 1805, he wrote a letter complaining that it was a place of “mess and drunkenness”. However, it seems as though Byron did manage to pass the time pleasantly enough.

37、I’m not just talking about the pet bear he kept in his rooms. He spent a great deal of time walking in the village. It is also said that on occasion Byron swam naked by moonlight in the lake, which is now known as Byron’s Pool. A couple of miles past Grantchester in the south Cambridgeshire country

38、side, the pool is surrounded by beautiful circular paths around the fields. The cries of invisible birds make the trip a lovely experience and on the way home you can drop into the village for afternoon tea. If you don’t trust me, then perhaps you’ll take it from Virginia Woolf – over a century afte

39、r Byron, she reportedly took a trip to swim in the same pool. 65. What is the passage mainly about? A. Some places for weekend break. B. A way to become creative in art. C. The colourful life in the countryside. D. Unknown stories of Cambridge University. 4. 【2020全国新课标 D】 Grown-ups are of

40、ten surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can

41、play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which c

42、an be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen

43、to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, be

44、cause they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on

45、the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续练习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。 最后作者谈到了“过度学

46、习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。 67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1? A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups. C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D. Stories for children are easy to remember. 【答案】A 【解析】根据文章的第一段的“Grown-ups are often

47、 surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知：文章讲得是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。C、D断章取义，讲得太具体，B项错误，因为那是过度学习的结果，不是儿时记忆力好。所以A正确。 【考点定位】考查主旨要义。 5. 【2020陕西卷 D】 Spring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Co

48、mpetition is tough, so job seekers must carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not. A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos (纹身）nose rings, or certain dress s

49、tyles. It is true you can’t judge a book by its cover, yet people do “cover” themselves in order to convey (传递)certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are. Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances» so do companies. Dr

50、ess standards exist in the business world for a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept. Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal app

51、earances of their employees (雇员),because those people represent the companies to their customers. As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plenty of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might dis

52、appoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded, I can’t expect all our customers are. There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply cause he or she is unwilling to respe

53、ct its standards, as long as its standards are legal. 59. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. Employees Matter B. Personal Choices Matter C. Appearances Matter D. Hiring Managers Matter 59【答案与解析】C 主旨大意题。本文大意是关于员工的着装问题，即员工的外貌问题，故本题选C。 6. 【2020山东卷 B】 One of th

54、e greatest contributions to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual. In 1879, Oxford University in England asked Prof. James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the English language. It would include every English

55、word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations (引文)showing how it was used. This was a huge task. So Murrary had to find volunteers from Britain, the United States, and the British colonies to search every newspaper, magazine, and book ever writ

56、ten in English. Hundreds of volunteers responded, including William Chester Minor. Dr. Minor was an American Surgeon who had served in the Civil War and was now living in England. He gave his address as “Broadmoor, Crowthorne, Berkshire,” 50 miles from Oxford. Minor joined the army of volunteers se

57、nding words and quotations to Murray. Over the next years, he became one of the staff’s most valued contributors. But he was also a mystery. In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. So in 1897， Murray finally decided to travel to Crowthorne himself. When he arrived, he

58、 found Minor locked in a book-lined cell at the Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally insane. Murray and Minor became friends, sharing their love of words. Minor continued contributing to the dictionary, sending in more than 10,000 submissions in 20 years. Murray continued to visit Minor regularly, s

59、ometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds. In 1910, Minor left Broadmoor for an asylum in his native America. Murray was at the port to wave goodbye to his remarkable friend. Minor died in 1920, seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed. The

60、 12 volumes defined 414,825 words, and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient. 66. What does the text mainly talk about? A. The history of the English language. B. The friendship between Murray and Minor C. Minor and the first Oxford English Diction

61、ary D. Broadmoor Asylum and is patients 66.【答案】C 【解析】文章的关键词有两个：Minor和Oxford Dictionary，主要讲述Mr. Minor的特别之处和他对Oxford Dictionary的贡献，因此文章的大意应该把这两个词都包括进去。 【考点定位】考查文章的主旨大意。 B组 2020年全国高考题组 1.【2020浙江卷A】 One evening in February 2020, a student named Paula Ceely brought her car to a stop on a re

62、mote road in Wales. She got out to open a metal gate that blocked her path .That’s when she heard the whistle sounded by the driver of a train. Her Renault Clio was parked across a railway line. Seconds later, she watched the train drag her car almost a kilometre down the railway tracks. Ceely’s ne

63、ar miss made the news because she blamed it on he GPS (导航仪). She had never driven the route before. It was dark and raining heavily. Ceely was relying on her GPS, but it made no mention of the crossing. “I put my complete trust in the device and it led me right into the path of a speeding train,” sh

64、e told the BBC. Who is to blame here? Rick Stevenson, who tells Ceely’s story in his book When Machines Fail Us, points the finger at the limitations of technology. We put our faith in digital devices, he says, but our digital helpers are too often not up to the job. They are filled with small prob

65、lems. And it’s not just GPS devices: Stevenson takes us on a tour of digital disasters involving everything from mobile phones to wireless keyboards. The problem with his argument in the book is that it’s not clear why he only focuses on digital technology, while there may be a number of other poss

66、ible causes. A map-maker might have left the crossing off a paper map. Maybe we should blame Ceely for not paying attention. Perhaps the railway authorities are at fault for poor singalling system. Or maybe someone has studied the relative dangers and worked out that there really is something specific wrong with the GPS equipment. But Stevenson doesn’t say. It’s a problem that runs through the book. In a section on cars, Stevenson gives an account of the advanced techniques that criminals use t