社会科学研究方法课件：Ch02_研究术语 Research langurage

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1、,Ch02: 研究术语 Research Language,什么是研究 What is research 一个有组织的，系统的 ，基于数据的 ，批判性的 ，客观的 ，科学的询问/调查， 针对特定问题 如下目的开展：寻求答案 ，找到解决办法. 什么是商学研究 What is business research 为了帮助商业决策而产生知识的，系统而客观的过程,Last week,研究类型 Research types,Last week,研究成功要素 Factors contributing to the success of research 文献检索与综述 Literature search

2、and review； 技术能力 Technical competence ；撰写研究提案 Writing the research proposal；对研究记录的保管 Keeping of research records； 撰写进度报告 Writing progress reports；撰写毕业论文 Writing the thesis；撰写期刊/会议论文 Writing papers for journals/conferences； 理论能力 Theoretical competence 研究伦理 Ethics of business research 抄袭 Plagiarism 欺诈

3、 Fraud/ Cheat 窃取 Steal,Last week,Research Language,概念 Concepts 构念 Constructs 概念性架构 Conceptual schemes 操作性定义 Operational Definition 变量 Variables 命题和假设 Propositions and Hypotheses 理论 Theory 模型 Model,概念 Concepts 对现实的抽象 abstractions from particulars. 观念性定义 constitutive definitions 意义丰富但不能直接度量 rich in me

4、aning but cannot be measured directly. 在问题界定和假设推演中应用. 例子 e.g., 热/冷，时间 Hot/cold, time, 特性、满意、态度、领导力 quality, satisfaction, attitude, leadership.,Research Language- Concepts,构念 Constructs 能度量的概念 concepts that are measurable. 操作化: 效度/信度 Operationalization: validity and reliability 单项/多项度量 a single-item

5、 vs. multiple-item scale. 设计度量工具 designing the measurement instrument,Research Language- Constructs,观念性定义 Conceptual/Theoretical Definition 用其它抽象概念来描述一个概念的意义 describes what a concept means by relating it to other abstract concepts 操作性定义 Operational Definition 用可观察、可度量的特性或行为来描述一个概念，从而使该概念能在现实中被观察 des

6、cribes a concept in terms of its observable and measurable characteristics or behaviors, by specifying how the concept can be observed in actual practice.,Research Language Definition,一年级 Freshman 二年级 Sophomore 三年级 Junior 四年级 Senior, 90 credit hours,如何定义学生年级 How can we define the variable “class lev

7、el of students”?,Research Language Operational Definition,如何定义温度 How can we define the variable “hot”,Hot,Temperature,Fahrenheit华氏 Celsius 摄氏,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),Huang, Q., Davison, R.M., Gu, J., 2010. The impact of trust, guanxi orientation and face on the inten

8、tion of Chinese employees and managers to engage in peer-to-peer tacit and explicit knowledge sharing. Information Systems Journal 21, 557-577,Guanxi Orientation,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),信度和效度 Reliability and Validity,信度 Reliability （稳定和一致） 度量工具在多大程度上避免了随机误差 the exten

9、t to which the measurement process is free from random errors. 保证了研究结果的一致和可预测性 concerned with the consistency and predictability of the research findings 效度Validity （真实和准确） 测量过程不受系统和随机误差影响的程度 the extent to which the measurement process is free from both systematic and random error. 是否测量了我们想要测量的东西Are

10、 we measuring what we think we are measuring,Research Language Operational Definition,可信Reliable = 度量每次使用时都能得到一致的结果consistent in producing the same results every time the measure is used 有效Valid = 测度了它要测度的事项measuring what it is supposed to measure Score = effect + systematic + random error 系统误差Syste

11、matic error: threat to validity 随机误差Random error: threat to reliability,Research Language Operational Definition,变量 Variables,Research Language-variables,通过运用度量指标从特 定对象收集数据后，每 个含义被量化度量指标 的概念 After using the measurement scales to collect the responses from the subjects, each response to each measurem

12、ent of the scales is then coded into “number”.,Operationalization,Numbered,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),Research Language-variables,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),类型 Types 自变量/因变量 Independent vs. Dependent variables 调节变量（干扰变量） Moderating variable

13、s 中介变量 Mediating variables/ Intervening Variables 外生变量（控制变量） Extraneous variables (control variables),Research Language-variables,IV vs. DV,IV,DV,Research Language-variables,Research Language-variables,调节变量Moderator: 可以影响因变量和自变量间的方向或强弱的变量 a variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the

14、relation between an IV and DV.,21,Examples :量,研究发现指出，生产工人的操作手册的易得性将决定瑕疵品的数量。,操作手册的易得性,瑕疵品数量,自变量,因变量,尽管我们可以认为以上情况适用于所有员工，但是这个关系会受到员工是否有意愿阅读操作手册的影响。换句话说，有意愿阅读操作手册的员工，才可能生产出没有瑕疵的产品。反之，还是会生产出瑕疵品。,操作手册的易得性,瑕疵品数量,自变量,因变量,阅读意愿,调节变量,22,自变量与调节变量的差异,有时我们会对一个变量何时被视为自变量或调节变量而感到困扰。举例来说，可能碰到以下两种情况。 A：一项研究调查显示，组织当

15、中训练课程的质量愈好，员工自我成长的需求愈高，也更愿意学习新的工作方法。,自我成长需求,培训课程质量,学习意愿,自变量,因变量,23,自变量与调节变量的差异,B：另一项研究调查显示，课程质量与员工学习新工作方法意愿之间的关系，将取决于员工成长需求的高低。只有那些具有高度成长需求的员工，才会渴望通过专业训练，来学习新的工作方法。,自变量,因变量,培训课程质量,学习意愿,自我成长需求,调节变量,究竟是自变量还是调节变量，取决于我们的问题描述,Research Language-variables,中介变量 Mediator: 在因变量和自变量间起到中间过渡作用的变量 a given variabl

16、e may be said to function as a mediator to the extent that it accounts for the relation between the IV and the DV.,25,中介变量,根据自变量与因变量之间关系的改变情况，中介效应分为两种类型：完全中介和部分中介。 完全中介：当不考虑中介变量的影响时，自变量和因变量的关系将减弱得不显著。,品牌态度,购买意愿,购买行为,部分中介：当不考虑中介变量的影响时，自变量和因变量之间的关系将减弱，但仍然显著。,完全中介,品牌态度,购买意愿,购买行为,部分中介,26,调节变量、中介变量,理论认为，

17、劳动力的多元化（劳动人员由不同人种、民族及国籍的成员组成），将产生协同效应，进而在组织绩效上会有较好的表现，因为不同群体可将其特有专长与技能分析贡献于工作场所中。不过如何发挥这种协同效应，取决于管理者如何利用多元工作团队的特殊专长，否则，还是无法发挥协同效应。,劳动力的多元化,组织绩效,自变量,因变量,组织协同,中介变量,管理技能,调节变量,时间：T1 T2 T3,Research Language-variables,控制变量 Control variables : 那些不构成研究主体，但不容忽视的自变量 are those independent variables which are n

18、ot part of the research study however their influence cannot be ignored,28,理论模型中变量之间的关系,29,Examples :,X,Y,Z,用眼过度导致近视,失学与贫穷,受教育程度与收入之间的因果关系取决于性别的不同,品牌态度购买意愿购买行为,相关,因果,中介,调节,30,Exercise:,界定以下情境中的问题，并发展出理论框架。 某一所医院的医学研究人员正在研究癌症患者接受治疗并成功康复的概率，他发现三种关于康复的重要变量： 医生及早且正确的诊断； 护士细心遵照医生指示给予患者后续治疗的程度； 患者休养环境的安详宁

19、静。 在安静的环境气氛中，患者能够得到较好的休息，同时也能较快地复原。但癌症患者在末期才住院时，即使医护人员尽最大努力立即诊断治疗，病房区域内的环境也足够安静，但患者的病情并不会因治疗而好转。,命题 Propositions 能被判断真假的，对可观察现象的陈述 A statement about observable phenomena (concepts) that may be judged as true or false 当它可以被实证验证时 When it is formulated for empirical testing 假设 Hypotheses 对两个或多个变量间关系的说明

20、式陈述 A declarative statement about the relationship between tow or more variables.,Research Language- Propositions and Hypotheses,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),H4a: The stronger the guanxi orientation, the stronger the intention to share tacit knowledge. H4b: The stronger t

21、he guanxi orientation, the stronger the intention to share explicit knowledge.,Research Language- hypotheses,假设 Hypotheses 描述性假设 Descriptive hypotheses 如，在中国，外资也要比国有企业开放. 关系性假设 Relational hypotheses 关联性假设 Correlational hypotheses 没有指明因果 without implying that one causes the other 因果性假设 Causal hypothe

22、ses 一个因素的存在或改变或导致其它因素的变换.,关联性假设 Correlational hypotheses,因果性假设 Causal Hypotheses,描述性假设 Descriptive Hypotheses,Example_(Huang et al. 2010, Information Systems Journal),The Role of Hypotheses,指明研究的方向 Guide the direction of the study,确定相关事实 Identify relevant facts,建议最合适的研究设计 Suggest most appropriate re

23、search design,为组织相关结论提供框架 Provide framework for organizing resulting conclusions,36,虚假关系 spurious relationship,冰淇凌销售量和溺水死亡之间存在正相关 冰淇凌销售得越多，溺水死亡人数越多；反之亦然。 在冰激凌和溺水之间没有什么直接关系，这里的第三个变量是季节或者温度。大多数的溺水死亡都发生在夏天冰激凌销售的高峰期。,37,虚假关系 spurious relationship,鞋子的尺寸和孩子的数学能力之间存在正相关。 第三个变量是年龄。年纪大点的孩子脚也相对大点，总体上来说，其数学技巧也

24、相对强些。,鞋子尺寸,数学技巧,虚假因果关系,鞋子尺寸,数学技巧,鞋子尺寸,数学技巧,实际的因果关系,年龄,鞋子尺寸,数学技巧,38,虚假关系 spurious relationship,出现的消防车越多，建筑物受到的危害越大。第三个变量是什么？ 火灾的规模。 地区中的骡子数量和博士的数量存在负相关。第三个变量是什么？ 城市与乡村的背景不同。,Characteristics of Strong Hypotheses,一个强假设是 A Strong Hypothesis Is,充分的 Adequate,可测的 Testable,同类中最好的 Better than rivals,Research

25、 Language-Theory,理论 Theory： 理论是预先发展的用于解释或预测现象的一系列系统关联的概念、定义和命题 A theory is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena (facts).,Research Language-Theory,product life cycle,理论通常是复杂的、抽象的、包含多个变量的 Theories tend to be com

26、plex, abstract, and involve multiple variables. 假设通常是简单的、对具体事例中涉及的有限个变量关系的陈述 Hypotheses tend to be simple, limited-variable statements involving concrete instances,Research Language-variables, hypotheses, model,Kulviwat, 2009 JBR,H1. Social influence to adopt an innovation will have a positive effec

27、t on adoption intention. H2. The relationship between social influence and intention to adopt a high technology product is stronger when the product is viewed as being publicly consumed compared to when it is viewed as privately consumed. H3. Attitude toward the act of adopting a high technology inn

28、ovation has a direct and positive effect on adoption intention. H4. Attitude toward the act of adopting a particular high technology innovation mediates the effect of social influence on adoption intention.,Liu et al. 2010 JOM,Hypothesis 1. A firms perceived normative pressures toward eSCM adoption

29、are positively related to its eSCM adoption intention. Hypothesis 2. A firms perceived mimetic pressures toward eSCM adoption are positively related to its eSCM adoption intention. Hypothesis 3. A firms perceived coercive pressures toward eSCM adoption are positively related to its eSCM adoption int

30、ention. Hypothesis 4. A firms flexibility orientation negatively moderates the relationship between its perceived (a) normative, (b) mimetic, and (c) coercive pressures and eSCM adoption intention. Hypothesis 5. A firms control orientation positively moderates the relationship between its perceived

31、(a) normative, (b) mimetic, and (c) coercive pressures and eSCM adoption intention.,Research Language-variables, hypotheses, model,H1a. The target firms perceived coercive pressures toward eSCMS adoption are positively related to the exercised mediated power of the dominant firm. H1b. The target fir

32、ms perceived normative pressures toward eSCMS adoption are negatively related to the exercised mediated power of the dominant firm. H2a. The target firms perceived coercive pressures toward eSCMS adoption are positively related to the dominant firms exercised nonmediated power. H2b. The target firms

33、 perceived normative pressures toward eSCMS adoption are positively related to the dominant firms exercised nonmediated power. H3a. The focal firms trust toward the dominant firm is negatively related to the exercised mediated power of the dominant firm. H3b. The focal firms trust toward the dominan

34、t firm is positively related to the exercised non-mediated power of the dominant firm. H4. The focal firms eSCMS adoption is positively related to its perceived coercive pressures for eSCMS adoption. H5. The focal firms eSCMS adoption is positively related to its perceived normative pressures for eSCMS adoption. H6. The focal firms eSCMS adoption is positively related to its trust toward the dominant firm.,Ke et al. DSS,Research Language-variables, hypotheses, model,