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1、单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 1-3,Carbohydrates,Chapter 1-3,1,1.General,2.Utilization of carbohydrate(CHO),3.Digestibility and importance of crude fibre,1.General,2,1.General,1.1 Function of CHO,(1)energy source,(2)to assist,the formation of the carbon skeleton for non-essential fatty acid（
2、非必需脂肪酸的碳骨架）,(3)for the synthesis of fats（合成脂肪）,1.General,3,1.2 The classes of carbohydrates（糖的分类）,Monosaccharides（单糖）,Di-and oligosaccharides（二糖和寡糖）,Polysaccharides（多糖）,Monosaccharides（单糖）,hexoses(glucose,galactose,fructose),pentoses,they are the building blocks for formation,of di-,oligo-and polysa
3、ccharides,1.2 The classes of carbohydrat,4,Di-and oligosaccharides（二糖和寡糖）,monosaccharide molecules are joined together by means of ether linkages（醚键）,lactose,consist of-glucose and-glucose and is the sole disaccharide of animal origin,sucrose,-glucose and-fructose,maltose,（麦芽糖）,two-glucose,cellobios
4、e,(纤维二糖),two-glucose molecules,Di-and oligosaccharides（二糖和寡糖,5,Polysaccharides（多糖）,macromolecules composed of large numbers of monosaccharides,Starch,in the cells of plants in the form of granules（颗粒）of various sizes(1-150,m),each starch granule is composed of,amylose(直链淀粉)(25%)，100-200 glucose,mole
5、cules,amylopectin(支链淀粉)(75%)，250-5000,glucose units,Polysaccharides（多糖）,6,Polysaccharides（多糖）,Dextrin(糊精),a water soluble breakdown product of starch,Glycogen(糖原),the animal starch,5000-25000 glucose units,chiefly in the liver，some in the muscle.,Polysaccharides（多糖）,7,Polysaccharides（多糖）,Cellulose（纤
6、维素）,the building material for plant cell walls,2000-8000-glucose,units.,Cellulases（纤维素酶）,the enzymes for cellulose cleavage（分解）,only produced by micro-organisms,Chitin（几丁质）,forms the skeletal portions of,crustaceans（甲壳类）,insects，,in the cell walls of yeasts（酵母）,Polysaccharides（多糖）,8,Polysaccharides（
7、多糖）,Lignin（木质素）,in the cell walls of woody plants together with cellulose,not a carbohydrate,but a derivative of benzene(苯衍生物),indigestible，,Polysaccharides（多糖）,9,The most important carbohydrates in fish,glycogen,glucose,lactate(乳酸盐),pyruvate（丙酮酸盐）,Glycogen（糖原）,muscle glycogen:0.15%,about 6%of that
8、in the liver,liver glycogen:2.5%of fresh weight,The most important carbohydrat,10,Glycogen（糖原）,intense physical activity,（剧烈运动时）,muscle glycogen,broken down in a few minutes,recovery phase,the original level is not reattained even 24 hours later,liver glycogen content diminishes markedly.（肝糖原含量显著减少）
9、,Glycogen（糖原）,11,1.3 Determination of carbohydrate,Not by direct analysis,but by difference（差额）after the contents of moisture,crude protein(CP),fat(EE),ash,and crude fibre(CF).,includes the water-soluble carbohydrate and certain other materials,but not the crude fibre（粗纤维）,*,N-free extract,NFE(无氮浸出物
10、),=100%-moisture%-CP%-EE%-ash%-CF%,Crude fibre,include:cellulose,lignin,pentosans（戊聚糖）,1.3 Determination of carbohydr,12,1.4 Factors,affecting the blood-glucose content of the fish,(1)the time of feeding,the quality of diet,intense activity,1.4 Factors affecting the blo,13,the time of feeding,the qu
11、ality of diet,the concentration of glucose in the blood,rainbow trout,35-50mg/100 ml,carp,30-47 mg/100 ml,maximum blood-glucose level occurred,the time of feeding,14,the time of feeding,the quality of diet,rainbow trout,6 hours,after high,starch,intake,（摄入高淀粉饲料后）,9 hours,after high,glucose,intake,18
12、 hours,after high,protein,intake.,carp,2 hours,after oral administration of glucose,the time of feeding,15,(3)intense activity,increase many times in the course of a few minutes,dramatically,the,muscle lactate,(乳酸盐),the,blood lactate,pyruvate(,丙酮酸盐),at a slower rate,(3)intense activityincrease,16,2.
13、Utilization of carbohydrate,Warm-water fish can use much greater amounts of CHO than cold-water and marine fish.,channel catfish,the growth rate of fingerlings was greater when their diets contained some carbohydrates rather than only lipids for all the non-protein energy.,the maximum tolerable conc
14、entration should be used with regard to the fish species.（饲料中应该最大限量地用糖类）,2.Utilization of carbohydrat,17,*,2.1 The nutritional values of carbohydrate among fish,(1)carbohydrate may serve as precursors for the dispensable amino acids and nucleic acids,（作为非必需氨基酸和核酸的前体）,which are metabolic intermediate
15、s necessary for growth.,the least expensive source of dietary energy,catabolized（分解）for energy,protein sparing effect of CHO,starch is also important for the binding properties of extruded and pelleted feeds.（淀粉对于膨化饲料和颗粒饲料的粘结性很重要）,*2.1 The nutritional values,18,in natural diet in the wild,ingest ver
16、y little CHO,meet their energy requirements chiefly by breakdown of protein,makes use of amino acids for gluconeogenesis(葡糖异生),especially alanine,serine,phenylalanine,tyrosine,in natural diet in the wild,19,Dietary CHO,Digestive tract,*,-amylase,glucosidase(maltase,cellobiase,saccharase,lactase),galactosidase(lactase),fructosidase(saccharase),chitinase,chitobiase,*,glycolysis,tricarboxylic acid cycle(TAC),pentose phosphate shunt,gluconeogenesis,glycogen synthesis,liver or kidney,Dietary CHODiges
水产动物营养与饲料学-双语教学课件chapter-1-3-Carbohydrates
