现代英语语言学理论 CHAPTER (2)

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1、,语言社会与文化,Language,Culture and Society,Modern English Linguistics Studies,L 7,Language and Culture,SWH,Culture in ELT,Exercises,Intercultural Communication,Language and Society,1.,Language and Culture,Language is an essential and important part of a given culture and that the impact of culture upon a

2、 given language is something intrinsic and indispensable.,Studying the relationship of language and culture in a social situation could provide learners a different perspective to the study of language in terms of some new tendencies and developments in the field of sociolinguistics.,1.,Language and

3、 Culture,1.1,What is Culture?,Culture,lexically,is cultivation of the soil,production,development,or improvement of a particular plant,animal,commodity.It is the ideas,customs,skills,arts,etc of a given people in a given period;civilization.,Linguistically,it means the total way of life of a people,

4、including the patterns of belief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,and language that characterizes the life of the human community.In a narrow sense,it refer to local or specific practice,beliefs or customs,for example,folk culture,food culture.,1.,Language and Culture,1.1,What is Culture?,Two

5、 types of culture,:material and spiritual.The material culture suggests the concrete,substantial and observable,while most of spiritual culture are the products of mind(ideologies,beliefs,values and concepts of time and space)is abstract,ambiguous,and hidden.,Eugene Nida,a well-known linguist and a

6、translation theorist,believes there are,five types of subculture,:ecological culture,linguistic culture,religious culture,material culture and social culture.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,It has become axiomatic to state that there exists a close relationship bet

7、ween Language and culture.,Language is related to cognition,and cognition is related to the cultural setting.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,More evidence can be gathered to substantiate this claim if we have a brief survey of what has happened in the field of ling

8、uistics over the past century.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,S,ince the beginning of the 18th century,the linguistic inquiry of Language has been either comparative and historical or structural and formalized in nature,some change,however,was observed at the start

9、 of the 20,th,century:AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ORIENTATION in the study of Language was developed both in England and in North America.,What characterized this new tradition was its study of Language in a sociocultural context.,1.,Language and Culture,1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture,A lot of imp

10、ortant and creative work has been done in the research of the relationship between Language and culture.,The pioneers in England:,Bronislaw Malinowski,and,John P.Firth,.,The representatives in North America:,Franz Boas,Edward Sapir,and,Benjamin Lee Whorf,2.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(SWH),Hypothesis,:,Ed

11、ward Sapire and Benjamin Whorf,proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and believe.Language will mould our view of the world.,The strong version of the theory emphases the decisive role of Language as the shaper of our thinking patterns.,The

12、 weak version of this hypothesis suggests that there is a correlation between Language,culture,and thought,but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative,rather than categorical.,2.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(SWH),Insights:,1.There is nowadays a recognition that lan

13、guage,as code,reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.,2.Context is important in comprehending the meaning encoded in the language.,3.Intercultural Communication(IC),Intercultural Communication,(IC)is communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbols sys

14、tems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.,It is frequently used to refer to communication between people from different cultures,which implies a comparison between cultures.,3.Intercultural Communication(IC),It centers on significant differences regarding social relations and concep

15、t of universe from different perspectives such as language,food,dress,attitude toward time,work habits,social behavior that can cause frustration in communication and contacts.Some illustrations of the cultural differences in language use which we may often come across in daily life.,3.Intercultural

16、 Communication(IC),Addressing terms,Greetings,Thanks and compliments,Compliments,Color words,Privacy and taboos,Rounding off numbers,Cultural-related idioms,proverbs and metaphors,3.Intercultural Communication(IC),English and Chinese Culture Differences in Intercultural Communication(IC),Differences in,Chinese Culture,English Culture,Addressing terms,Greetings,Thanks,Compliments,Introduction,Departing,Offering,Inquiries,Taboos咒语,性,人体器官,生老病死Euphemism,ass(donkey),(arse)die,French disease,4.Culture