中医英语翻译概论课件

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1、,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,,,*,TCM Translation,Theory,,中医英语翻译理论,,,TCM Translation Theory 中医英语翻译理,1,1 中医翻译概论,1.1 仿造,翻译 SL 的無等值词汇時，用 TL 中的直接对应词代換無等值词汇的組成部分 (词素 / 词),借用英语中已有的相关單词來表达中医学特有的概念,肝血,liver blood,血虚,blood deficiency,活血化瘀,activating blood to resolve stagnation,,,

2、1 中医翻译概论1.1 仿造,2,1 中医翻译概论,1.1 仿造,句子层次的翻译也能运用仿造法,從阴阳翻则生，逆之翻则死。,Following (the law of) yin and yang ensures life, while violating it leads to death.,阴虚翻则热，阳虚翻则寒。,Deficiency of yin generates heat and deficiency of yang produces cold.,,,1 中医翻译概论1.1 仿造,3,1 中医翻译概论,1.2 定义化,中医术语高度凝煉，难以用同樣長短的英语表达清楚,翻译往往以解釋、定

3、义方式進行,辨证论治,diagnosis and treatment based on the overall analysis of symptoms and signs,虚脹,Flatulence due to yang-deficiency of the spleen and kidney,,,1 中医翻译概论1.2 定义化,4,1 中医翻译概论,1.2 定义化,缺点,简洁变冗長，违反科技术语翻译、使用的原翻则,和语境难以配合,有碍中医术语英译迈向规范,简化,处理,辨证论治,treatment based on syndrome differentiation,,(Li),identif

4、ying patterns and determining treatment,,(,Wiseman,),虚,胀,deficiency-flatulence,vacuity distension,,,1 中医翻译概论1.2 定义化,5,1 中医翻译概论,1.3 词义分化,同一中医术语在不同语境下，可以有不同涵义 (一词多义 polysemy),同一概念也可用不同术语表达 (同义词 synonymy),虚,asthenia, deficiency, insufficiency, weakness, debility, hypofunction……,,,1 中医翻译概论1.3 词义分化,6,1 中

5、医翻译概论,1.3 词义分化,脾虚,asthenia of the spleen,(Li),spleen vacuity,(Wiseman),spleen deficiency,(WHO draft)*,脾虚水泛,hypofunction of the spleen*,(Li),体虚,weakness / debility,,,1 中医翻译概论1.3 词义分化,7,1 中医翻译概论,1.3 词义分化,必須,考虑语境,a) 肾藏精，精舍志。,「精」指精气,The kidney stores essence and the essence maintains activities.,b),,精,1

6、,伤翻则骨痠痿厥，,精,2,時自下。,「,精,1,」指「,肾精,」； 「,精,2,」指「,精液,」,The damage of the kidney,essence,causes aching and flaccidity of the bones as well as cold sensation in the limbs, which will further leads to frequent,seminal,emission.,,,1 中医翻译概论1.3 词义分化,8,1 中医翻译概论,1.3 词义分化,(續),必須考虑语境,c) 脈理,精,微，其体难辨。,「,精,」指「,精深,」,T

7、he theory of pulse is very,profound,and the conditions of pulse are difficult to differentiate.,,,1 中医翻译概论1.3 词义分化 (續),9,1 中医翻译概论,1.4 拼音化,當英语無法表达中医特有概念時，用拼音翻译,气,Vital energy *,Qi,动笔！ which term(s) should be phonetically transcribed?,四气五味,four properties and five tastes,(Li),four natures and five fla

8、vors,(Wiseman),滋阴降火,nourishing yin to reduce fire,enriching yin and downbearing fire,,,1 中医翻译概论1.4 拼音化,10,2 中医翻译的困难,2.1 词汇缺口 (lexical gap),翻译人員各有不同考虑、偏好,五行,fi,ve elements, five phases,,wuxing,命門,gate of life, vital gate, vitaport,,mingmen,三焦,three warmers, triple burners, three heaters, triple energ

9、izers,,sanjiao,五脏,five solid organs, five bowels, five zang-organs, five zang-visceras,,wuzang,,,2 中医翻译的困难2.1 词汇缺口 (lexical gap,11,2 中医翻译的困难,2.2 理解偏差,历時、文化因素，使得术语理解困难,失笑散,Powder for Lost Smiles*,Sudden Smile Powder,黃帝內经,Yellow Emperor’s Internal Medicine *,(Huangdi’s) Canon of Medicine,Huangdi’s Cla

10、ssics on Medicine,Huangdi’s Internal Classic,Huangdi,,Neijing,,,2 中医翻译的困难2.2 理解偏差,12,2 中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅,,素問,Plain Questions,,Elementary Questions,灵樞,Miraculous Pivot, Pivotal Axis,,Magic Pivot,类经,Systematic Compilation of the Internal Classic,,Classified Canon,难经,Difficult Classic*, Classic on Medic

11、al Problems*,Classic of Difficult Issues,伤寒杂病论,Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases,On Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases,金匱要略,Synopsis of Golden Chamber,Important Strategies from the Golden Chest,Essential Prescription of the Golden Coffer,,,2 中医翻译的困难重要经典译名舉隅素問Plain Quest,13,2 中医翻译的困难

12、,重要经典译名舉隅,,神農本草经,Shen Nong’s Herbal, The Herbal,The Canon on Medicinal Herbs,Divine Husbandman’s Herbal Foundation Canon,本草綱目,Compendium of Materia Medica,Comprehensive Herbal Foundation,本草備要,Essentials of Materia Medica,Essential Herbal Foundation,瀕湖脈学,The Pulse Studies of Bin-hu,Bin-hu Sphygmology

13、,,,2 中医翻译的困难重要经典译名舉隅神農本草经Shen Non,14,2 中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅,(續),,太平惠民和劑局方,Formularies of the Bureau of People’s Welfare Pharmacies,Standard Formularies of the Pharmacy for People’s Welfare in Taiping Reign-Period,Formulas of the Tai Ping Imperial Grace Pharmacy,湯頭歌訣,Recipes in Rhymes,溫病條辨,Detailed Analy

14、sis of Epidemic Febrile Diseases,An Analysis on Warm Diseases,Systematized Identification of Warms Diseases,,,2 中医翻译的困难重要经典译名舉隅 (續)太平惠民和劑局方F,15,2 中医翻译的困难,重要经典译名舉隅,(續),,時病论,On Seasonal Diseases,傅青主女科,Fu Qing-zhu’s Obstetrics and Gynecology,洗冤集錄,Instruction to Coroners,Records of Redressing Wronged Ca

15、ses,外台祕要,Medical Secrets of an Official *,Secret Prescriptions Collected when Off-Duty *,Essential Secrets from Outside the Metropolis *,Essential Secrets from the Imperial Library,,,2 中医翻译的困难重要经典译名舉隅 (續)時病论On Sea,16,3 中医翻译实踐,3.1 借用西醫术语,动笔！,心悸,便秘,便溏,遺尿,黃疸,納呆,,,palpitation,constipation,loose / sloppy

16、 stool,enuresis / incontinence*,jaundice,anorexia*, poor appetite,/,torpid intake,,,3 中医翻译实踐3.1 借用西醫术语,17,3 中医翻译实踐,3.2 直译,动笔！,阳化气,阴中之阴,木生火,抑木扶土,补母瀉子 *,心开窍於舌,脾主运化 *,肺主气司呼吸,,yang transforming into qi,yin within yin,wood generates/generating fire,inhibiting wood to strengthen earth,supplementing mother

17、-organ and draining child organ,heart opens into the tongue,the spleen governs transportation / movement and transformation,the lung governs qi and manages respiration,,,3 中医翻译实踐3.2 直译yang transformin,18,3 中医翻译实踐,3.2 直译,动笔！,阴阳失調,脾失健运,肝不藏血,胃失和降,肾阳不足,yin-yang disharmony,/,imbalance between yin and yan

18、g,spleen failing to move and transform,/,dysfunction of spleen; failure of spleen in transportation,liver failing to store blood /,,inability of the liver to store blood,impaired harmonious downbearing of the stomach,/,failure of gastric qi to descend,insufficiency of kidney yang,/,insufficiency of

19、renal yang,,,3 中医翻译实踐3.2 直译yin-yang disharm,19,3 中医翻译实踐,3.3 意译,「天行赤眼」,acute contagious conjunctivitis,vs.,heaven-current red eye,「纏腰火丹」,herpes zoster around the waist,vs.,girdling fire cinnabar,「子盜母气」,child-organ disorder involving its mother organ,vs.,child steals the mother’s qi,,,3 中医翻译实踐3.3 意译,2

20、0,3 中医翻译实踐,3.4 音意結合,元气,primordial qi, original qi, congenital qi,正气,healthy qi, right qi, genuine qi, vital qi,宗气,pectoral qi, thoracic qi, ancestral qi,中气,gastrosplenic qi*,,middle qi, center qi,營气,nutrient qi, construction qi,肾气,kidney-qi,,renal qi*,,,3 中医翻译实踐3.4 音意結合,21,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanj

21、iao),三焦，是中医学脏腑学說中一個特有的名词。,The term, triple warmer, is peculiar to,TCM,.,三焦是上焦、中焦、下焦的合稱，為六腑之一。,It is a collective name of the upper, middle and lower warmer and is one of the six bowels.,关於三焦的型態与实質，中医界眾說紛紜，至今尚無定论。,In the field of TCM, no unanimous conclusion has been drawn about the,form and crux,of

22、the triple warmer.,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),22,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),一般認為，,三焦,是包羅人体所有內脏的一個大脏，,It is generally recognized that “,triple warmer,” is a large bowel containing all the internal organs.,如明‧張介賓說：「三焦者，確有一,腑,，蓋,脏腑,之外，軀殼之內，包羅諸脏，一腔之大腑也。」,For instance, Zhang Jiebin, a medical m

23、an in the Ming dynasty, said, “Triple warmer is, in fact, a bowel. It is outside all the,viscera,and,bowels,but within the body, contains all the other organs and is the largest bowel within the body cavity.”,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),23,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),在中医理论中，三焦也是劃分軀体部位的一個概念。,

24、In the theory of TCM the term “triple warmer” is also used to locate the body parts.,即膈以上的部位為上焦，包括心、肺；膈以下、,臍,以上的部位為中焦，包括脾、胃；臍以下為下焦，包括肝、肾、大小肠、膀胱、女子胞等。,The upper warmer is the portion of the body cavity above the diaphragm which houses the heart and the lung. The middle warmer is the portion between t

25、he diaphragm and,umbilicus,(navel),which houses the spleen and the stomach. The lower warmer is the portion below the umbilicus which houses the liver, the kidney, the urinary bladder, the intestines and the uterus.,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),24,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),其中肝脏，按其部位來說，应,归划中

26、焦。,According to the liver’s location, it can be clearly seen that the liver is an organ within the middle warmer.,但中医認為，肝肾,同源,，关係密切，故將肝肾同劃歸下焦。,But it is said that the liver is an organ within the lower warmer. Why? Because TCM believes that the liver and the kidney have,the same source (a common sou

27、rce),and a close relationship, thus puts the liver into the lower warmer,(together with the kidney).,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),25,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),三焦的生理功能，总的來說，是总,司,人体,气化,。,Generally speaking, the physiological functions of triple warmer,control,the activities of the,qi,of the h

28、uman body.,分开來說，上焦主呼吸、主,宣发,(实指心、肺的功能)，即把積於胸中的「气」,宣布,、,布达,全身，,若霧露之溉,，故稱「,上焦如霧,」；,The upper warmer controls respiration, and,activates the flow of vital energy, blood and body fluid,(referring to, in fact, the functions of the heart and lung), i.e., it,disperses,pectoral,qi,accumulated in the chest to

29、 all parts of the body,just as fog and dew moisten the earth,. This is why TCM says that “,The upper warmer is like a sprinkler for distributing nutrients and qi,.”,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),26,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),动笔！,中焦主,运,(实指脾、胃的功能)，即腐熟水谷，,运化精微,，,以化气血,，故喻之為「,中焦如漚,」；,The middle wa

30、rmer functions in,transportation and transformation,(referring to in fact, the functions of the spleen and stomach), i.e. it ferments water and food and,transports and transforms food essence,in order to,produce vital energy and blood,. Therefore, it is likened to a,fermentation tun,, where food is

31、digested.,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),27,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),动笔！,下焦主,分別清濁,、排泄尿液与大便 (实指肾、小肠、大肠、膀胱的功能)，以上生理功能均具有向下、向外排泄的特点故稱「下焦如瀆」。,The lower warmer,separates clear fluid from turbid fluid,and discharges urine and stool, (referring to, in fact, the functions of the kidney, the small in

32、testine, the large intestine and the urinary bladder). These two physiological functions mentioned above are characterized by excreting wastes downwards and outwards. It is said that the lower warmer works like gutters, to filter and drain off waste and superfluous water.,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (San

33、jiao),28,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),三焦的這些生理功能，实際上是体內各脏腑功能的总合。,In fact, all these physiological functions of the triple warmer are the sum total of the activities of all the viscera and bowels in the body.,在病理上，上、中、下三焦异常所出現的,病证,，实際上也是各部位脏腑功能的异常表現。,Pathologically, diseases (,disease patterns,) due

34、 to an abnormality of upper, or middle, or lower warmer are manifestations of dysfunctions of the viscera or bowels within it.,,,三焦the Triple Warmer (Sanjiao),29,肺与脾 The relationship between the lung and the spleen,Physiologically, two aspects are involved in the relationship between the lung and t

35、he spleen.,The lung and the spleen are physiologically related in two ways.,One is the production of the pectoral qi.,The lung is responsible for inhaling fresh air and the spleen for absorbing food nutrients through transportation and transformation.,The accumulation of the fresh air and food nutri

36、ents in the chest eventually transforms into the pectoral qi.,,,肺与脾 The relationship between t,30,肺与脾 The relationship between the lung and the spleen,Thus the normal function of the lung and the spleen are prerequisite to sufficient production of the pectoral qi.,Normal functioning of the lung and

37、the spleen are thus essential for sufficient production of (the) pectoral qi.,Sufficient production of (the) pectoral qi depends on the normal functioning of the lung and the spleen.,The other is the metabolism of fluid.,The other involves the metabolism of fluid.,,,肺与脾 The relationship between t,31

38、,肺与脾 The relationship between the lung and the spleen,The spleen absorbs and transports water and the lung distributes water to all parts of the body, both of which are important to the metabolism of water.,The spleen and the lung are of vital importance in fluid metabolism since water is absorbed a

39、nd transported by the spleen and distributed to all parts of the body by the lung.,,,肺与脾 The relationship between t,32,肺与脾 The relationship between the lung and the spleen,If deficiency of spleen-qi or insufficiency of lung-qi affects the production of the pectoral qi, it will lead to shortness of b

40、reath, no desire to speak, chest oppression, poor appetite and loose stool.,If deficiency of spleen-qi or lung-qi affects the production of (the) pectoral qi, it will lead to shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, chest distrest, poor appetite and loose stool.,If it affects the metabolism of fluid, it will bring on cough,,asthma*,,profuse phlegm, edema and oliguria.,If fluid metabolism is affected, cough and panting, excessive phlegm, edema and oliguria would be resulted.,,,肺与脾 The relationship between t,33,THANK YOU,,,,THANK YOU,34,