高考英语语法考点讲练：动词的时态和语态

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1、精品文档（ 2011高考英语语法考点讲练：动词的时态和语态 [导读] “2011高考英语语法考点专题讲练：动词和短语动词”供广大考生备考使用。 　　【考点分析】 　　1.对下列十种时态的考查： 　　一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时　　现在完成时 现在完成进行时 过去完成时 将来完成时 过去将来时 　　2.既考查时态又考查语态; 　　3.考查动词的及物与不及物; 　　4.考查主动形式表示被动意义; 　　5.考查动词词组在被动语态中的介词问题; 　　6.对被动语态习惯句型的考查。 　　【知识点归纳】 　　I.动词时态和语态的构成形式 　　主动语态

2、的构成 　　一般现在时一般过去时 　　do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were) 　　现在进行时过去进行时 　　is/am/are doingwas/were doing 　　现在完成时过去完成时 　　has/have donehad done 　　现在完成进行时过去完成进行时 　　has/have been doinghad been doing 　　一般将来时过去将来时 　　will/shall do 　　is/am/are going to do 　　is/am/are(about)to dowould/should do 　　was

3、/were going to do 　　was/were(about)to do 　　被动语态的构成 　　一般现在时一般过去时 　　is/am/are donewas/were done 　　现在进行时过去进行时 　　is/am/are being donewas/were being done 　　现在完成时过去完成时 　　has/have been donehad been done 　　一般将来时过去将来时 　　will/shall be done 　　is/am/are going to be done 　　is/am/are(about)to be donew

4、ould/should be done 　　was/were going to be done 　　was/were(about)to be done 　　II.动词时态的用法 　　1.一般现在时 　　①一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等; 　　②主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来; 　　I’ll go there after I finish my work. 　　If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there. 　　③在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come

5、等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作; 　　There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。 　　注意：近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰 　　Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_____ the Pacific,and we met no storm. 　　A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has bee

6、n called 　　虽然航海发生在过去，但是，海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时 2.现在进行时 　　①表示正在进行的动作; 　　②表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。 　　She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。 　　He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。 　　My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。 　　③代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。 　　The Changjiang River is flowing into

7、the east.江水滚滚向东流。 　　The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。 　　④与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行; 　　He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。 　　She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。 　　⑤大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。 　　常见的有： 　　▲感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, t

8、aste, see, hear 　　▲情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 　　▲心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt 　　▲所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。 　　3.现在完成时 　　①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作; 　　I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room. 　　②

9、表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用; 　　He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 　　③表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”; 　　表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。 　　—Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room. 　　—She knows a lot

10、about Shanghai. -She has been there. 　　④在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。 　　When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge. 　　We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then. 　　注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时;试比较： 　　I’ll let you know a

11、s soon as I hear from her. 　　She will call you when she gets home. 　　⑤短暂动词(即瞬间动词)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start, 　　break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。 　　要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用： 　　▲“ago法”：He joined the army thre

12、e years ago. 　　▲“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years. 　　▲“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army. 　　注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in(over) the 　　past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。 　　4.现在完成进行时 　　①用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作; 　　He has been doing the maths

13、 problems since 8:00. 　　②凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。 　　5.一般过去时 　　①表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为; 　　He often sang when he was a boy. 　　He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend. 　　②用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 　　用于I didn’t know…或I forgot…，表示事先不

14、知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 　　I didn’t know you were here.(现在已经知道) 　　Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了) 　　这一用法考生要特别注意。 　　注意：参看过去将来时的用法②。 6.过去进行时 　　①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示); 　　He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 　　②表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行; 　　They were still workin

15、g when I left. 　　③用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生; 　　I was writing while he was watching TV. 　　④过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等); 　　He said she was arriving the next day. 　　⑤与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。 　　(参看现在进行时的用法④) 　　Comrade Lei

16、 Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself. 　　⑥过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。 　　The wind was blowing and it was raining hard. 　　7.过去完成时 　　①表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。 　　He had shut the door before the dog came up. 　　Everything had been all right up till this morning. 　　②表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一

17、个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 　　③过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词)。 　　I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me. 　　我本来想昨

18、天拜访你的，但是下雨(让我不能来)。 　　注意： 　　▲过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它; 　　▲before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 　　He (had) left before I arrived. 　　8.一般将来时 　　一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住： 　　▲will/shall do (侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事) 　　▲be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生) 　　▲be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表

19、示最近的将来时间连用) 　　▲be about to do (按计划即将发生) 　　一般将来时的用法： 　　①现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态 　　Tom will come next week. 　　He will be here tomorrow. 　　②事物的固有属性或必然趋势 　　Oil will float in water. 　　Fish will die without water. 　　③对将来某个动作的安排、计划 　　He is going to speak on TV this evening. 　　9.将来完成时 　　用来表示在将来某个时刻(前

20、)将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。 　　We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term. 　　10.过去将来时 　　①过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中); 　　She was sure she would succeed. 　　I thought you would come. 　　把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。 　　②表示过去经常发生的动作。 　　When he was young, he would

21、 go swimming. 　　注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。 　　11.要求一定时态的固定的句型 　　①was/were doing sth. when…did sth.(正在做某事，这时突然……) 　　I was reading a book when the bell rang. 　　②was/were about to do sth. when…did sth. (正要做某事，这时突然……) 　　We were about to leave when the tele

22、phone rang. 　　③It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that… 　　It’s the first time I’ve seen her. 　　We have been there three times. 　　如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。 　　Last year I saw him many times. 　　④It is/has been… since… 　　It is (has been) two weeks since I came here. 　　She said i

23、t was five hours since she had finished her work. 　　⑤Hardly… when…\No sooner… than… 　　Hardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain. 　　I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed. 　　⑥It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that… 　　This is the first time I have

24、been here. 　　It'll be the first time I've spoken in public. III.被动语态的用法 　　被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由"情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态

25、时，其构成为"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式"构成。 　　1.被动语态的适用范围 　　①当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。 　　This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。 　　②为了强调动作的承受者时 　　Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。 　　③出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者 　　You are said to b

26、e active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。 　　常用于如下句型： 　　It's not known that… ……不得而知 It's said that… 据说…… 　　It's reported that… 据报道…… It's not decided that…尚未决定 　　It's believed that… 据认为…… It's announced that…据宣布…… 　　2.被动语态的句型 　　①常见句式是：主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者) 　　He was scolded by the English teacher. 　　②主语

27、+get+过去分词+其它成分 　　The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults. 　　使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者” 　　在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。 　　▲get+及物动词的过去分词 　　get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair,

28、 dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形 　　式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指"最后终于，突然发生"等意义。 　　He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。 　　The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。 　　▲get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。 　　The old man was offered a large sum of mone

29、y. (正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。 　　The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误) 　　▲get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩 　　He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意) 　　How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上’之意) 　　▲get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。 　　She got tired. 她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义) 　　She was tir

30、ed. (只表示”她累了”) 　　③带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。 　　She lent me a bike.®被动：▲I was lent a bike(by her). 　　▲A bike was lent to me(by her). 　　④情态动词+be+过去分词 　　This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 　　⑤双重被动式：主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分 　　These magazines are not allowed to be take

31、n out of the reading-room. 　　The murderer was ordered to be shot. 　　3.主动表示被动的几种情况 　　①不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态 　　常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等 　　This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 　　These books sell well.这些书好卖。 　　The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 　　Meat won’t keep long in

32、such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。 　　The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。 　　②一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等 　　The apples taste good. 　　The flower smells wonderful. 　　The news proved/turned out true 　　Cotton feels soft. 　　4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况 　　①当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语) 　　He

33、can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him. 　　②当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语) 　　We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us. 　　③动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式 　　He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him. 　　类似lose heart词组的还有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lo

34、se in thought等等 　　④take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态 　　She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her. 　　⑤当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时 　　Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。 　　The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛

35、2000人 The war lasted four years. 这场战争持续了4年 ⑥当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时 　　The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。 　　My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。 　　My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。 　　⑦当句子的宾语是同源宾语时 　　The Browns

36、live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。 　　⑧当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时 　　I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 　　He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。 　　⑨当用非谓语动词作宾语时 　　He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语 　　I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟 注意：少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后 He has decided to go and study abroad. 　　→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 　　5.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 　　Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.