独立从句DependentClauses

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1、Dependent Clauses: An Overview Dependent clauses may work like adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences. Adverbial clauses Like a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentences main clause) and answers one of these questions where? why? how? when? to what d

2、egree? An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent). Common subordinating conjunctions: after in order (that) unless although insofar as until as in that when as far as lest whenever as soon as no matter how where as if

3、 now that wherever as though once whether because provided (that) while before since why even if so that even though supposing (that) how than if that inasmuch as though in case (that) till Example of adverbial clause answering when? When will the flowers

4、bloom? Answer: when spring arrives Example of adverbial clause answering why? Why didnt the poor woman have money? Answer: because she had lost her job Example of adverbial clause answering where? Where is there fire? Answer: where there is smoke Example of adverbial clause answe

5、ring how? How did he answer the question? Answer: as if he knew the subject quite well Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree? To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive? Answer: (later) than Smith (will arrive) Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what d

6、egree? To what degree is he young? Answer: (younger) than his brother (is) Comma use with adverbial clauses Comma use with adverbial clauses depends upon placement of the adverbial clause. If the adverbial clause introduces the sentence, place a comma between it and the main clause. If t

7、he adverbial clause follows the main clause in a sentence, do not place a comma between the two. Adjectival clauses Like a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun (in the sentences main clause) and answers one of these questions which one? what kind? An adjectival clau

8、se usually begins with a relative pronoun, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent). Common relative pronouns: that which who whom whose why NOTE: Use who, whom, and whose to describe people. Use that and which to describe things. Adjectival clauses always follow the person, place, or

9、thing they describe, usually immediately. Example of adjectival clause answering which one? Which book did Joe read? Answer: the one that I gave him Example of adjectival clause answering what kind? What kind of politician has the support of the people? Answer: one who is trustworthy

10、Adjectival clauses may also begin with selected subordinating conjunctions: when - to describe a time where - to describe a place why - to describe a reason Comma use with adjectival clauses Comma use with adjectival clauses depends upon essentiality of the adjectival clause.

11、If the adjectival clause is essential (or "needed"), no commas should be used to separate it from the main clause. Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which. Examples Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are needed to clarify the noun that they desc

12、ribe, they are essential and should not be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas. If the adjectival clause is nonessential (or "not needed"), commas should separate it from the main clause. Nonessential adjectival clauses should not begin with that. Examples Since the adjec

13、tival clauses in the above examples are not needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are nonessential and should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas. Note the difference between the sentences in each pair: Nominal Clauses Like a noun, a nominal clause names a p

14、erson, place, thing, or idea. A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following: Subject,subjective complement,appositive,object of preposition, direct object,indirect object,retained object Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives: whowhom what whichwhoeverwhomever whateve

15、rwhenwhere how why Aninterrogative beginning a nominal clause, has a function within the nominal clause. Each of thefollowing examples illustrates a nominal clause the function of the nominal clause within the sentence the function of the interrogative within the nominal clause Nomi

16、nal clause as subject in sentence Nominal clause as subjective complement in sentence Nominal clause as object of preposition in sentence Nominal clause as direct object in sentence Nominal clause as indirect object in sentence Nominal clause as retained object in sentence

17、 Nominal clauses may also begin with expletives: that whether if An expletive beginning a nominal clause has no function within the nominal clause. Nominal clause beginning with expletive that Nominal clause beginning with expletive whether Nominal clause beginning with expletive if