全自动V带分拣机设计【含CAD图纸和说明书】
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机械机床设计
机械制造工艺学课程设计是在我们学完了大学的全部基础课、技术基础课以及大部分专业课之后进行的.这是我们在进行毕业设计之前对所学各课程的一次深入的综合性的总复习,也是一次理论联系实际的训练,因此,它在我们四年的大学生活中占有重要的地位。
这次设计的是牛头刨床的拨叉，包括零件图、毛坯图、装配图各一张，机械加工工艺过程卡片和与工序卡片各一张。首先我们要熟悉零件和了解其作用，它位于车床变速机构中，主要起换档作用。然后，根据零件的性质和零件图上各端面的粗糙度确定毛坯的尺寸和机械加工余量。最后拟定拨叉的工艺路线图，制定该工件的夹紧方案，画出夹具装配图。
牛头刨床拨叉零件的加工工艺及铣端面专用夹具设计。从零件的结构外型分析，它的外型复杂，且不易加工，因此该零件选用是铸造件。它的主要加工面是孔、拨叉叉口两端面和侧面、槽口，在加工中由于面的加工精度要比孔的加工精度容易保证。因此，在设计中采用先面后孔的原则，并将孔与平面的加工划分为粗加工和精加工阶段，以保证加工精度。在本设计中，先以一个面加工出一个基准面，然后，再以该基准面加工相应的孔。在后面的工序中，均以该孔为定位基准，加工拨叉叉口两端面（相对于孔的位置精度高）槽口和斜平面，在整个加工过程中，分别采用了铣床、钻床。并设计了端面铣的专用夹具。由于该零件的尺寸不大，所需的夹紧力不大。因此，夹紧方式都采用手动夹紧，它的夹紧简单，机构的设计更为方便，满足夹紧要求。
就我个人而言，我希望能通过这次课程设计，了解并认识一般机器零件的生产工艺过程，巩固和加深已学过的技术基础课和专业课的知识，理论联系实际，从中锻炼自己分析问题、解决问题的能力，为今后的工作打下一个良好的基础，并且为后续课程的学习打好基础。
有很多不同的种类和制造商的自动排序技术，对市场的今天， 但是它们可以被分为三种基本类型。这些技术的运用某些类型的探测信号，即能区分塑料瓶的基础上的化学或物理特性当信号检测和分析，由一个传感器。 第一种类型的自动分拣系统，是通过光学传感。光学分拣系统使用可见光分开，塑胶瓶，以颜色。第二类是系统基于"传动技术" ，即一个信号，通过直接通过瓶，并阅读由一个传感器在另一边的瓶子。每个塑料树脂都有其特点响应信号的基础上，其独特的化学组成。第三类是表面上的扫描装置，而信号的弹跳，表面上的瓶子，并其反射到传感器，以资识别。同样，每一个塑胶树脂类型都有其自己独特的回应。当传感器检测到的是什么寻找，它一般会启动喷气将弹出或直接项目，它已经确认。主要分拣技术，在目前使用的，包括光学， X光传输（ xrt ） ， X射线
荧光分析（ XRF ） ，和近红外（近红外） 。 一些自动排序技术，有能力的多种类，由两个树脂型和颜色， 而一些被称为"二元分类"系统-即那些找出一项目，并分别从流瓶。第一代的自动排序技术二元分类系统主要是发达国家以提供可靠分离两个视觉上相似，而高度不相容的塑料从回收的角度来看-,即聚氯乙烯和聚酯。正如已经讨论过，聚氯乙烯是一大污染物宠物回收，甚至在非常低的浓度。
当前先进的系统，先进的自动分类技术相结合的几种类型的传感器，以
提供多种排序功能，溪流commingled塑胶树脂类型。为例如，有一个商业系采用了一个xrt传感器分离PVC瓶，那是一个红外传感器分隔樽清晰，半透明和不透明的类别， 其次是光学传感器的那种瓶子以颜色，最后一个近红外传感器
分离瓶树脂类。
热力学计算是压缩机计算的基础。普通压缩机在热力计算上有压缩机辅助设计系统的帮助，会大大加快设计进度，使设计更加合理。而全无油润滑压缩机热力学计算，在人工计算时查取图时出现的误差，数据选取的不符合计算要求，所导致计算数据的不正确或不准确。针对当前尚无全无油润滑压缩机辅助计算系统的情况。通过对计算时所需图表的数字化，编制了全无油润滑压缩机热力学辅助设计系统，成功的简化了全无油润滑压缩机的热力学计算过程，实现了对计算时所需数据的在线选取，智能查图查表，对数据的输出、保存和打印，并提高了计算参数的准确性和可靠性。
一、介绍机床的布局
压缩机排气量的大小决定了星轮、螺杆直径的大小和啮合中心距的大小，因此螺杆直径的不同，机床的主轴与刀具的回转中心也不同。为满足加工不同直径的螺杆，目前国内单螺杆加工机床的布局大致有以下几种方案。
第一种：机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式
机床的主轴与刀具回转中心的中心距为固定式，中心距不可调整。加工几种直径的螺杆就需要几种中心距规格不同的机床。
优点：机床的结构简单。
缺点：每种机床只能加工一种规格的螺杆，当市场上某种规格的压缩机螺杆需要量大时，造成一台机床加工，其他机床闲置。
第二种：机床的主轴箱为可回转式
机床可根据加工螺杆直径的大小在加工前把主轴箱旋转一个角度。这种主轴箱能够回转的机床是对上述第一种机床在使用方法上的改进，与第一种机床的结构基本相同。
优点：机床的结构简单，能适应多种规格螺杆的加工。
缺点1：主轴箱旋转后主轴回转中心线与刀具回转中心线间的距离不易精确测量。
缺点2：主轴箱旋转后主轴前端面与刀具的回转中心线间的距离减少，因此加工较大直径的螺杆受到限制。
第三种：机床的主轴箱为横向移动式
主轴箱底部与底座之间布置有矩形滑动导轨，主轴箱移动的方向垂直于主轴回转中心线并垂直于刀具回转中心线。主轴箱的动力通过花键轴传给底座内的刀具进给机构。
根据加工螺杆直径的大小，在加工前用手轮丝杠进给机构把主轴箱移动到适当位置，然后用螺钉将主轴箱固定在底座上。主轴箱的移动距离可用光栅尺检测，位置误差±0.005mm。
采用主轴箱可横向移动的一个机床就可以加工直径φ95～φ385mm之间任何一种规格的螺杆。
由于加工φ95～φ385mm直径的螺杆，造成主轴前端面与刀具回转中心线间的距离差值过大，因此在实际应用时设计成两种规格的机床，一个机床加工φ95～φ205mm直径的螺杆，另一个机床加工φ180～φ385mm直径的螺杆。
优点：机床能适应多种规格螺杆的加工，每种规格的螺杆不需要配备相应的加工机床。
缺点：机床的结构和机床的装配较前二种机床复杂，机床的造价也较前二种机床高。
二、介绍机床的主轴结构
机床主轴箱的水平主轴和底座上的立式的主轴精度的高低决定了被加工螺杆的精度，同时螺杆在压缩机中以几千转的速度高速旋转时，精度较差的螺杆会使压缩机产生发热、振动、效率低、磨损快等现象。
国内目前现有的单螺杆加工机床主轴结构大致有以下两种方案。
第一种：轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承和两个推力球轴承组合，该主轴使用双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用两个推力球轴承承受轴向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个双列圆柱滚子轴承或采用1个向心球轴承。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴的加工和装配简单，造价较低。
缺点1：由于主轴轴承的径向游隙不可调整，所以主轴精度较差。虽然可以利用轴承的内径和轴径的过盈配合来消除轴承的径向游隙，但每个轴承的内径和径向游隙不是一个固定值，因此设计和加工时很难给准轴径与轴承内径的配合公差。
缺点2：在市场上很难买到国产或进口的C、D级或P4、P5级的推力球轴承，机床生产厂常用普通级轴承替代使用，此举也影响了主轴精度的提高。
轴承径向游隙不可调的主轴结构适用于一般精度的普通机床，不适用于对主轴精度要求较高的机床。
第二种：轴承径向游隙可调的主轴结构
主轴前轴承采用一个P4级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承和1个P4级的双列向心推力球轴承组合。该主轴使用圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承承受径向切削力，使用双列向心推力球轴承承受轴向切削力和部分径向切削力。
主轴后轴承一般采用1个P5级圆锥孔的双列圆柱滚子轴承。
圆锥孔双列圆柱滚子轴承的内圈和配合轴径均为1：12圆锥，用圆螺母锁紧轴承则使轴承在轴向产生一个位移并使轴承的内圈膨胀，从而达到减少或消除轴承径向游隙的目的。
这种主轴结构的优点：主轴精度较高。在主轴前端面φ230mm直径上测量主轴的端面跳动值为0.010mm。在主轴前端φ230mm外圆上测量主轴的径向跳动值为0.005mm。第二种结构的主轴精度比第一种主轴精度提高50%左右。
这种主轴结构的缺点：
主轴的加工工艺较复杂，主轴的装配也需要有经验的工人操作才能使主轴精度达到理想数值。
三、刀具进给深度的控制
不同直径的螺杆需要加工螺旋槽的深度也不同，螺旋槽的深度从几十毫米到一百多毫米不等，刀具进给机构大约需要旋转进刀几千圈才能完成一个螺杆零件的加工。
由于刀具进给机构在刀具旋转的同时还要完成进刀动作，所以一些在普通机床上常用的机械、电气控制切深的方法都不适用于单螺杆加工机床。
单螺杆加工机床的刀具进给机构采用以下不同的方法都可以达到控制进刀深度的目的。
第一种：摩擦离合器和电气开关控制刀具进给深度
它的控制原理是刀具切深增大时刀具进给机构的负载扭距增大，使刀具进给机构传动链中的摩擦离合器打滑，一个机械连杆机构触发电气开关并发出声、光信号提示操作者，此时操作者人工操作断开刀具进给机构的动力。
这种控制方法的优点是：控制方法简单及零件加工和操作不受突然断电的影响。
缺点是：加工不同直径的螺杆需要调整摩擦离合器压紧碟簧的预紧力。
由于每个螺杆材质的密度、硬度存在细微差异及刀具锋利程度也存在差异，因此使这种控制方法的精度不太准确，可能导致螺杆螺旋槽的深度公差过大。
第二种：用电磁离合器、编码器组合控制刀具进给深度
刀具进给系统中，装有电磁离合器及一对用于检测刀具转动圈数的测速齿轮和一个编码器。
塔式起重机是建筑施工垂直运输的主要设备，也是衡量一个建筑施工企业装备实力的重要标识，在当今竞争日益激烈的建筑市场，为满足施工需要，很多施工企业都购置了塔式起重机。随着塔式起重机在施工现场的广泛使用，由塔式起重机引发的伤亡事故也越来越多，给人民的生命财产带来重大损失。据国内有关部门统计资料表明，塔式起重机的事故率已达2.77%。其安全问题仍然是建筑施工中的忧患……
起重机的工作需要更多的科学技术
松散的培训，测试和监督的要求, 周围的建筑起重机给这些工作的人树立了一种虚假的安全感，在我们的行业。最近塔式起重机倒塌在一个繁忙的纽约市建筑地盘应敲响警钟，提醒我们问题的存在，并加强我们目前安全的做法。
当谈到安全问题时，训练和测试是关键。不过，建造业是把不合格人员放在建筑起重机的驾驶位上，甚至没有通过今天的测试。在许多地方，没有任何经验必须合格的通过标准化的测试。一周的学习将给予一些人足够的知识足以通过认证考试，然后他们可以跳转到的起重机的驾驶室。
塔式起重机是特别危险的，尤其是在市区用地变得更加拥挤时。攀登行动更是一个风险的行动，其灾难性非常高。然而，大多数塔式起重机攀登员的训练，在一个非传统的方式，通过二手知识已流传一段时间。问题与这种类型的现成的知识是，多年来，留下来的非常少，但最重要的细节却丢失了。这种“渗透”的知识，导致操作者只能发展自己的技巧攀登起重机，往往放弃基本的安全，企图以节省时间和能源.
在许多情况下没有安全装置或警报来提醒严重的问题的存在。攀登人员容易遭受到影响安全性至关重要的决策所带来的压力。攀登时，使用损坏或泄漏的液压系统，没有任何的调整，这并不鲜见。在黑暗中工作和延长工作时间是时有发生的。这种攀登方法，其中的每一次攀登都会成为新的冒险，不应该作为规范被采纳。
攀爬架的设计，在制造商之间存在不同，但设计的步骤在原则上是相似的。攀登过程中是相对比较明了的，配合着的体力劳动和技术程序。这是并不复杂，它是更多地了解知道正确的序列需要做什么，然后按照下列步骤，一个又一个，确保每一步在做下一步前成功完成。这是十分重要，每个人都清楚的知道事情进展的怎么样，在每一个阶段存在什么样的危险。
这就是为什么业界需要规范的培训，测试和监督，其中包括一个实际的评估能力。技术人员应该随着实际经验的提升，直接从制造商哪里获得标准训练。视察员同样也也须有具体的技术培训。他们应独立于安装和维修的各方面，这由客观决定。架设的关键人员应该有标准的训练和测试.
当这些需要得到满足，起重机作业应进行严格按照有关制造商的指示，工程原则和政府的法律。但业内人士和国会议员，要加强他们的宽松标准，以保障公众利益。看到自己的家园变成了尘埃和碎片的纽约市居民，会对处理这些问题的方式感到震惊。
The mechanical design of machine tool
Mechanical Manufacturing Engineering Course design is finished we learn all the basic courses university, technical basic courses and specialized courses after most of the. This is the course of the study prior to graduation each course an in-depth and comprehensive general review is a theory with practical training, so it in our four years of university life plays an important role.
The design of the shaper of the fork, including the parts diagram, rough and assembly drawings each one, the mechanical process the card and a card with the process. First, we should be familiar with parts and understand their role, which is located lathe speed change mechanism, the main effect from the shift. Then, according to the nature of parts and components map to determine the roughness of the end of the size and rough machining allowances. Fork process to finalize a road map to develop the workpiece clamping program, draw fixture assembly drawing.
This design is fork Shaper milling machining process and ends special fixture design. From the appearance of parts of the structure, it looks complicated and difficult process, so the choice is casting parts. Its main processing is the hole surface, surface and both ends of the side fork Crossings, notch, in the process because of surface precision machining precision holes easier than the guarantee. Therefore, the first plane used in the design principles of post-holes, and holes and the plane is divided into roughing and finishing processing stage to ensure accuracy. In this design, first to a base level of a surface processing, and then, then the corresponding holes in the base-level processing. In the following processes, are the holes for the locating datum, processing fork Crossings at both ends of surface (relative to the hole location accuracy) slot and the inclined plane, in the processing were used milling machine, drilling machine. And designed a special face milling fixture. As the size of the parts is not required clamping force is not. Therefore, the clamping means are manually clamped, clamping it simple, mechanism design is more convenient to meet the clamping requirements.
Personally, I hope that through the course design, understanding and awareness of general machinery parts production process, have learned to consolidate and deepen the technical knowledge of basic courses and specialized courses, theory with practice, from exercising their own analysis of the problem, ability to solve problems for future work lay a good foundation, and for follow-up courses of study in future.
There are many different types and manufacturers of auto-sort technologies on the market today,but they can be classified into three basic types. These technologies employ some type ofdetection signal that can differentiate plastic bottles based on chemical or physical characteristicswhen that signal is detected and analyzed by a sensor.The first type of auto-sortation is through optical sensoring. Optical sorting systems use,visible light to separate plastic bottles by color. The second type are systems based on,“transmission technologies” whereby a signal passes directly through the bottle and isread by a sensor on the other side of the bottle. Each plastic resin has a characteristic,response to the signal based on its unique chemical composition. The third type are surface scanning devices where the signals bounce off the surface of the bottle and are reflected back to the sensor for identification. Similarly, each plastic resin type has its
own unique response. When a sensor detects what it is looking for, it will generally activate an air jet that will eject or direct the item it has positively identified. The major sortation technologies in use today include optical, X-ray transmission (XRT), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and near-infrared (NIR).
Some auto-sort technologies are capable of multiple sorts, by both resin type and color,while some are known as “binary-sort” systems -- namely those that identify just one item and separate it from a stream of bottles. The first generation of auto-sort technologies were binary-sort systems primarily developed to provide reliable separation of two visually similar, yet highly incompatible plastics from a recycling perspective -- namely PVC and PET. As has been discussed, PVC is a major contaminant in PET recycling even at very low concentrations.
The current state-of-the-art in auto-sort technology combines several types of sensors to provide multiple sorting functions for streams of commingled plastic resin types. For example, one commercial system uses an XRT sensor to separate PVC bottles, then an infrared sensor that separates bottles into clear, translucent and opaque categories, followed by optical sensors that sort bottles by color, and finally an NIR sensor to separate the bottles by resin category.
The thermodynamic calculation is the basis of the compressor calculation. With the help of the compressor-aided design system, the ordinary compressor is able to speed up its progress in calculation, which in turn reasonablizes the design; while the thermodynamic calculation of non-oil lubrication compressor caused errors or inaccuracy when pictures are retrieved by hand and figures are not best chosen. It is towards this problem that the compressor-aided design system for the thermodynamic calculation of non-oil lubrication compressor is made by digitalizing all the pictures and figures. This system will simplize the calculating process of the thermodynamic non-oil lubrication compressor, enable to select data on line, retrieve pictures and figures intelligently, output, save and print them and improve the accuracy and reliability of the calculating parameters as well.
First, introduce the layout of machine tools
Decide the size of the compressor displacement of the stars round, screw diameter, mesh size and the size of the center distance, so different in diameter screw, machine tool spindle and the rotary center are also different. To meet the processing of different diameter screw, single screw Currently the layout of machine tools in general there are several options.
The first is: machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed
Machine tool rotary tool spindle center and the center distance for the fixed, can not adjust the center distance. Processing of several of the screw diameter on the center distance required several different specifications of the machine.
Advantages: simple structure of the machine.
Disadvantage: each machine can only process a specification of the screw, when the market on a certain specification requirements when the screw compressor, resulting in a machine, other machine idle.
The second: the machine tool spindle box for rotary
Processing screw machine according to the size of the diameter at the processing before a point of rotating spindle box. Spindle box that the machine can turn on a machine at the above-mentioned article on the use of the improvements, with the first structure of a machine tool is basically the same.
Advantages: the structure of machine tool easy to adapt to a variety of specifications of the processing screw.
One disadvantage: after the rotating spindle box and the tool spindle turning center line distance between the center line of accurate measurement difficult.
2 disadvantage: after the rotating spindle spindle box and the front surface of the rotary cutter centerline distance between the reduction of the larger diameter of the screw processing is limited.
The third: the machine tool spindle box for horizontal mobile
Box at the bottom of the spindle and the base there is arranged between the rectangular sliding rail, spindle box perpendicular to the direction of movement of spindle centerline and perpendicular to the centerline of the tool rotation. Through the power of the spindle box spline shaft to the base of the tool feed mechanism.
Screw diameter, according to the size of the processing in the processing of the previous round by hand to the body put into the screw spindle box moved to the appropriate location, and then screw the spindle box on a fixed base. Spindle box available from the mobile Grating detection, position error ± 0.005mm.
Horizontal spindle box can be used as a mobile machine can process diameter φ95 ~ φ385mm any kind between the screw specifications.
Φ95 ~ φ385mm processing because of the diameter of the screw, causing the front surface and the tool spindle rotation the distance between the center line of the margin is too large, the actual application in the design specifications of the machine into two, a φ95 ~ φ205mm machine screw diameter Another φ180 ~ φ385mm machine screw diameter.
Advantages: a variety of tools to adapt to the specifications of the processing screw, each screw specifications need not be provided with the appropriate machine tools.
Disadvantage: the structure of machine tools and machine tool assembly of the two kinds of more complex machine tools, machine tools than the cost of two kinds of machine tools before the high.
Second, introduce the structure of machine tool spindle
The level of machine tool spindle box on the main axis and the base of the vertical axis determines the degree of precision was the precision screw machining, at the same time screw compressor at a speed of thousands of high-speed rotary switch, the accuracy of the screw will be less so that the compressor have a fever, vibration, low efficiency, such as wear and tear situation quickly.
Currently available single-screw machine spindle structure of the program has the following two.
The first is: bearing radial clearance is not adjustable spindle structure
Before spindle bearing out the use of one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings and thrust ball bearing combination of both, the main use of double row cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of two ball bearings to bear axial thrust cutting force.
After the general adoption of the spindle bearings out one pairs of cylindrical roller bearings or a ball bearing to the heart.
Main advantages of this structure: the main axis of the processing and assembly of simple, low cost.
One disadvantage: because the main axis of the radial bearing clearance can not be adjusted so poor precision spindle. Although the use of bearings and shaft diameter fit to eliminate the radial bearing clearance, but each bearing diameter and radial clearance is not a fixed value, so it is difficult to design and processing to the quasi-axial-radial and bearings with bore tolerances.
2 disadvantage: it is very difficult to buy in the market of domestically produced or imported, C, D or P4, P5 class thrust ball bearings, machine tool manufacturing plant commonly used alternative to the use of ordinary class bearings, which also affected the accuracy of the enhance spindle.
Bearing radial clearance adjustable spindle structure do not apply to the general accuracy of the general machine tools, does not apply to require a higher accuracy of the spindle of machine tools.
The second: the radial bearing clearance adjustable spindle structure
Before the adoption of a spindle bearing P4 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings and a P4-class double row ball bearing thrust to the combination of heart. The use of the spindle hole of the double row tapered cylindrical roller bearings under radial cutting force, the use of double row ball bearing thrust to the heart to bear part of the axial and radial cutting force cutting force.
Spindle bearings generally used after a P5 class of double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings.
Double row tapered hole cylindrical roller bearings with inner ring and shaft are tapered 1:12, bearing lock nut with a round led a bearing in the axial displacement of the inner ring bearings and expansion, to reduce or eliminate Bearing radial clearance purposes.
Main structure of such advantages: high precision spindle. At the front spindle diameter φ230mm noodle on the end measuring spindle Beat value of 0.010mm. Φ230mm cylindrical spindle at the front end on the radial axis measurement value of Beat 0.005mm. The second structure of the spindle of a precision spindle accuracy than the first about 50% improve.
Main disadvantage of this structure:
The principal axis of the more complicated process, the spindle assembly also has the experience necessary to make the workers to operate the spindle achieve the desired numerical accuracy.
Third, the depth of the tool feed control
Required different processing screw diameter spiral groove depth is also different from the depth of the spiral groove mm from dozens to more than 100 millimeters range around the tool into the institutions required to feed the thousands of ring rotation in order to achieve a screw machining .
Feed because of the tool in the tool rotating at the same time achieve motion feed, so on a number of general machine tools used in mechanical, electrical control method of depth of cut does not apply to single-screw machine.
Single screw machine tools give agencies into the following different methods can be feed to control the depth of purpose.
The first is: friction clutch and electrical switches to control the depth of the tool feed
Its principle is to control depth of cut increases the tool cutter feed mechanism increases the load torque so that the tool feeding mechanism of the friction transmission chain slipping clutch, a mechanical linkage concurrent silent trigger electrical switches, optical signal prompted operator, when manual operator to disconnect the tool into the power sector.
The advantages of this control method are: the control method is simple and spare parts processing and operational power from the impact of a sudden.
Disadvantage are: processing of different diameter screw to adjust the clutch friction discs pressed the preload spring.
Material because of the density of each screw, and the hardness of the existence of subtle differences in the degree of cutting tools sharp differences exist, thus the accuracy of this control method was not too accurate, may lead to screw spiral groove depth tolerance is too large.
The second: use of an electromagnetic clutch, encoder control tool into the mix to the depth of
Tool feed system, equipped with electromagnetic clutch and a tool for detecting the number of rotating ring gear and a gun encoder.
It is a tool of control principle刚接触hand screw surface encoder to start counting switch, then start cou
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