双柱式升降机设计

双柱式升降机设计,双柱式,升降机,设计 毕业论文答辩毕业论文答辩PPTPPT北华航天工业学院2017级机电工程学院 答辩人指导老师胡晓斌贺俊杰1升降机的简介THEBACKGROUNDOFTHESUBJECTANDCONTENT设计原理PRESENTSITUATIONANDDEVELOPMENTOFSUBJECT升降机总体方案设计THERESEARCHMENTALITYANDTHEPROCESS各个机构设计THERESULTSOFEXPRIMENTALDATA参考文献及致谢SOLUTIONSANDSUMMARY2345目录/Contents升降机的发展1845年，第一次工业革命出现了第一部工业水压式的升降机，1857年，首部客运升降机在美国纽约的一家商场安装，开创了升降机载人的先河。1880年，德国人西门子发明了电动的升降机。我国升降机发展较晚，从20世纪90年代开始，中国的升降机才开始慢慢普及。升降机的分类升降机的类型繁多,根据其结构类型一般可分为双柱式升降机、四柱式升降机、剪式升降机等。根据升降机的驱动类型分类，升降机大体上可分为机械式和液压式两类。本次设计的升降机本次毕业设计研究的方向是双柱式机械式升降机。机械式升降机虽然维护成本虽然有些高，但是同步性好，不存在漏油污染问题，自锁保护简单易行，升降机性能的好坏受多种因素的影响。l升降机简介l设计原理运用带传动将电动机的动力传递给大带轮，大带轮通过键连接传递给滑动螺旋副，螺旋副中的丝杠螺杆可以将传来的旋转运动转换为螺母的直线运动，带动悬臂梁以及梁上物体实现升降。01电机配置 双电机方案02升降机构 滑动螺旋传动03导轨机构 滚动直线导轨04锁紧机构采用适用于固定Z轴上使用的导轨钳制器设计方案总结原动机为分别安装在左右立柱上的两电机，通过两电机的通断电实现左右螺杆的同步运动，螺杆把转动转变为直线运动，从而是螺母同步上下运动，实现物体升降。l总体方案带传动设计升降机构设计支撑机构设计导轨机构设计锁紧机构设计l各个机构设计l带传动设计123带的设计V带的主要失效形式主要有：1）带在带轮上打滑，不能传递动力；2）带由于疲劳产生脱层、撕裂和拉断；3）带的工作面磨损。带传动的计算设计功率：2.32kw带型：A型4根V带传动比：4带轮基准直径：大带轮335mm小带轮85mm带速：4.27m/s带轮结构的设计带轮的主要组成部分有轮缘、轮辐和轮毂。通过查阅机械设计手册，最终确定小带轮为实心轮，大带轮为孔板轮，材料均为HT200。轮槽的工作表面应尽可能光滑。择较为普遍的普通V带传动，结构为绳芯结构。结构简单、成本低、传动稳定、不需要润滑l举升机构设计螺旋传动分为滑动螺旋传动、滚动螺旋传动和静压螺旋传动三类。选择滑动螺旋传动：结构简单、易于自锁、运转平稳。举升机构螺纹分为梯形螺纹、锯齿形螺纹、矩形螺纹。选择梯形螺纹：牙根强度高，工艺性好；对中性好，不易松动；可以调整和消除间隙。螺母分为整体螺母、组合螺母和剖分式螺母采用整体螺母：结构简单设计计算螺距：10mm螺母工作高度：98mm旋合圈数：10螺纹工作高度：5mm当量摩擦角：6螺纹升角：5自锁l支撑机构设计当成载物体进入到升降机的范围里时，升降机的整个工作范围的宽度就可以随着悬臂的角度和长度的改变而改变。本次设计的支撑机构为对称式悬臂，有利于保持承载物体的稳定性，使立柱中各机构的受力更均匀。悬臂由两段部分组成，可以根据实际情况来改变悬臂的长度，其伸缩范围为250mm.校核弯曲切应力校核弯曲正应力悬臂结构悬臂结构图计算l导轨结构设计直线导轨通常分为滑动直线导轨、滚动直线导轨和静压直线导轨三种。本次设计采用滚动直线导轨：运行速度不会太低，刚度、可靠性较高。选择四方向等载荷型滚动直线导轨。承载能力大，刚性好；摩擦因数小，节省动力；面接触，磨损小，寿命长；两侧安装有互为垂直的两列承载滚珠，刚性好，承受冲击较大。l锁紧机构设计在一个固定的Z轴上运用导轨钳制器，防止悬臂在工作停止时滑落。其制动的动力为气压，并且为常闭型。当电机停止工作时没有气压被供给，导轨钳制器便依靠特殊弹簧的作用夹紧轴，使托臂固定在所要求的位置。当电机工作时会供给给钳制器气压，弹簧便会松开不会对升降产生影响。锁紧光轴的直径：28mm导轨钳制器l参考文献1 郭武，黄泽星，吴上生.汽车举升机的发展趋势分析J.应用研究,2011:75-79.2 上官红喜.一种双柱汽车举升机的设计J.液压与气动,2013（13期）:106-109.3 机械设计手册编委会.机械设计手册单行本带传动和链传动M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.2.4 机械设计手册编委会.机械设计手册单行本带弹簧 摩擦轮及螺旋传动轴 M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.2.5 成大先.机械设计手册单行本轴承M.北京:化学工业出版社,2004.1.6 良贵，纪名刚.机械设计M.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5.7 刘鸿文.材料力学IM.北京:高等教育出版社,2011.1.8 孙桓，陈作模，葛文杰.机械原理M.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.5.9 高为国，钟利萍.机械工程材料M.长沙:中南大学出版社,2012.9.10 Neil Sclater,Nicholas P.Chironis.Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices SourcebookM.2007.2.11 Paul D Walker,Nong Zhang,Active damping of transient vibration in dual cluch transmission equipped powertrains:A comparison of conventional and hybrid electric vehiclesJ.Mechanism and Machine Theory,2014,77:11212 成大先.机械设计手册第五版第一卷M.北京:化学工业出版社,2007.11.13 成大先.机械设计手册第五版第二卷M.北京:化学工业出版社,2007.11.14 任济生，唐道武，马克新.机械设计课程设计M.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2008.08.l感谢语THANKYOU感谢母校提供了宝贵的学习与实践的机会!感谢贺俊杰老师给与的耐心指导!感谢大学生活中的每一位!感谢各位答辩评审!感谢各位同学的支持与帮助!感谢观看诚恳指正感谢观看诚恳指正北华航天工业学院2017级机电工程学院 答辩人指导老师胡晓斌贺俊杰 本科生毕业设计 (论文) 外 文 翻 译 原 文 标 题 Elevator System Based on PLC 译 文 标 题 PLC控制下的电梯系统 作者所在系别 机电工程学院 作者所在专业 机械设计制造及自动化 作者所在班级 B13113 作 者 姓 名 胡晓斌 作 者 学 号 20134011306 指导教师姓名 贺俊杰 指导教师职称 讲师 完 成 时 间 2017 年 3 月 北华航天工业学院教务处制 译文标题 PLC控制下的电梯系统 原文标题 Elevator System Based on PLC 作 者 Leonard Knox 译 名 伦纳德.诺克斯 国 籍 美国 原文出处 中国知网http://www.cnki.net/ 译文： 由继电器组成的顺序控制系统是最早的一种实现电梯控制的方法。但是，进入九十年代，随着科学技术的发展和计算机技术的广泛应用，人们对电梯的安全性、可靠性的要求越来越高，继电器控制的弱点就越来越明显。 电梯继电器控制系统故障率高，大大降低了电梯的可靠性和安全性，经常造成停梯，给乘用人员带来不便和惊忧。且电梯一旦发生冲顶或蹲底，不但会造成电梯机械部件损坏，还可能出现人身事故。 可编程序控制器(PLC)最早是根据顺序逻辑控制的需要而发展起来的，是专门为工业环境应用而设计的数字运算操作的电子装置。鉴于其种种优点，目前，电梯的继电器控制方式己逐渐被PLC控制所代替。同时，由于电机交流变频调速技术的发展，电梯的拖动方式己由原来直流调速逐渐过渡到了交流变频调速。因此，PLC控制技术加变频调速技术己成为现代电梯行业的一个热点。 1. PLC控制电梯的优点： (1)在电梯控制中采用了PLC，用软件实现对电梯运行的自动控制，可靠性大大提高。 (2)去掉了选层器及大部分继电器，控制系统结构简单，外部线路简化。 (3)PLC可实现各种复杂的控制系统，方便地增加或改变控制功能。 (4) PLC可进行故障自动检测与报警显示，提高运行安全性，并便于检修。 (5)用于群控调配和管理，并提高电梯运行效率。 (6)更改控制方案时不需改动硬件接线。 2.电梯变频调速控制的特点 随着电力电子技术、微电子技术和计算机控制技术的飞速发展，交流变频调速技术的发展也十分迅速。电动机交流变频调速技术是当今节电、改善工艺流程以提高产品质量和改善环境、推动技术进步的一种主要手段。变频调速以其优异的调速性能和起制动平稳性能、高效率、高功率因数和节电效果，广泛的适用范围及其它许多优点而被国内外公认为最有发展前途的调速方式。 交流变频调速电梯的特点： ⑴ 能源消耗低 ⑵ 电路负载低，所需紧急供电装置小 在加速阶段，所需起动电流小于2.5倍的额定电流。且起动电流峰值时间短。由于起动电流大幅度减小，故功耗和供电缆线直径可减小很多。所需的紧急供电装置的尺寸也比较小。 ⑶ 可靠性高，使用寿命长。 ⑷ 舒适感好 电梯运行是跟随最佳给定的速度曲线运行的。其特性可适应人体感受，并保证运行噪声小，制动平稳 ⑸ 平层精度高 ⑹ 运行平稳无噪声 在轿厢内，机房内及邻近区域确保噪声小。因为其系统中采用了高时钟频率。始终产生一个不失真的正弦波供电电流。电动机不会出现转距脉动。因此，消除了振动和噪声。 3.电梯控制技术 所谓电梯控制技术是指电梯的传动系统及操纵系统的电气自动控制。作为我国20世纪70年代电梯的主要标志是交流双速电梯。其调速方法是采用改变电梯牵引电动机的极对数，两种或两种不同级对数的绕组，其中极数少的绕组称为高速绕组，极数多的绕组称为低速绕组。高速绕组用于电梯的起动及稳速运行，低速绕组用于制动及电梯的维修。 80年代初，VVVF变频变压系统控制的电梯问世。它采用交流电动机驱动，却可以达到直流电动机的水平，目前控制速度已达6米/秒。它的体积小，重量轻，效率高，节省能源等几乎包括了以往电梯的所有优点。是目前最新的电梯拖动系统。 电梯在垂直运行过程中，有起点站也有终点站。对于三层楼以上的建筑物的电梯，起点站和终点站之间还没有停靠站，起点站设在一楼，终点站设在最高楼。设在一楼的起点站称为基站，起点站和终点站称为两端站，两端站之间称为中间站。 各站厅外设有召唤箱，箱上设置有供乘用人员召唤电梯用的召唤按钮或触钮，一般电梯在两端站的召唤箱上各设置一只按钮或触钮。中间层站的召唤箱各设置两只按钮或触钮。对于无司机控制的电梯，在各层站的召唤箱上均设置一只按钮或触钮。而电梯的轿厢内部设置有（杂物电梯除外）操纵箱。操纵箱上设置有手柄开关或与层站对应的按钮或触钮，操纵箱上的按钮或触钮城内指令按钮或触钮。外指令按钮或触钮发出的电信号称为外指令信号，内指令按钮或触钮发出的电信号成为内指令信号。20世纪80年代中期后，触钮已被微动按钮所取代。 作为电梯基站的厅外召唤箱，除设置一只召唤按钮或触钮外，还设置一只钥匙开关，以便下班关电梯时。司机或管理人员把电梯开到基站后，可以通过专用钥匙扭动该钥匙开关。把电梯的厅门关闭妥当后，自动切断电梯控制电源或动力电源。 4. PLC控制电梯的设计 随着城市建设的不断发展，高层建筑不断增多，电梯在国民经济和生活中有着广泛的应用。电梯作为高层建筑中垂直运行的交通工具已与人们的日常生活密不可分。实际上电梯是根据外部呼叫信号以及自身控制规律等运行的，而呼叫是随机的，电梯实际上是一个人机交互式的控制系统，单纯用顺序控制或逻辑控制是不能满足控制要求的，因此，电梯控制系统采用随机逻辑方式控制。目前电梯的控制普遍采用了两种方式，一是采用微机作为信号控制单元，完成电梯信号的采集、运行状态和功能的设定，实现电梯的自动调度和集选运行功能，拖动控制则由变频器来完成；第二种控制方式用可编程控制器（PLC）取代微机实现信号集选控制。从控制方式和性能上来说，这两种方法并没有太大的区别。国内厂家大多选择第二种方式，其原因在于生产规模较小，自己设计和制造微机控制装置成本较高；而PLC可靠性高，程序设计方便灵活，抗干扰能力强、运行稳定可靠等特点，所以现在的电梯控制系统广泛采用可编程控制器来实现。 5.电梯控制系统特性 在电梯运行曲线中的启动段是关系到电梯运行舒适感指标的主要环节，而舒适感又与加速度直接相关，根据控制理论，要使某个量按预定规律变化必须对其进行直接控制，对于电梯控制系统来说，要使加速度按理想曲线变化就必须采用加速度反馈，根据电动机的力矩方程式:M—MZ=ΔM=J（dn/dt），可见加速度的变化率反映了系统动态转距的变化，控制加速度就控制系统的动态转距ΔM=M—MZ。故在此段采用加速度的时间控制原则，当启动上升段速度达到稳态值的90%时，将系统由加速度控制切换到速度控制，因为在稳速段，速度为恒值控制波动较小，加速度变化不大，且采用速度闭环控制可以使稳态速度保持一定的精度，为制动段的精确平层创造条件。在系统的速度上升段和稳速段虽都采用PI调节器控制，但两段的PI参数是不同的，以提高系统的动态响应指标。在系统的制动段，即要对减速度进行必要的控制，以保证舒适感，又要严格地按电梯运行的速度和距离的关系来控制，以保证平层的精度。在系统的转速降至120r/min之前，为了使两者得到兼顾，采取以加速度对时间控制为主，同时根据在每一制动距离上实际转速与理论转速的偏差来修正加速度给定曲线的方法。例如在距离平层点的某一距离L处，速度应降为Vm/s，而实际转速高为V′m/s，则说明所加的制动转距不够，因此计算出此处的给定减速度值-ag后，使其再加上一个负偏差ε，即使此处的减速度给定值修正为-（ag+ε）使给定减速度与实际速度负偏差加大，从而加大了制动转距，使速度很快降到标准值，当电动机的转速降到120r/min以后，此时轿厢距平层只有十几厘米，电梯的运行速度很低，为防止未到平层区就停车的现象出现，以使电梯能较快地进入平层区，在此段采用比例调节，并采用时间优化控制，以保证电梯准确及时地进入平层区，以达到准确可靠平层。 原文： Composed by the order of relay control system is a realization of the first elevator control method. However, to enter the nineties, with the development of science and technology and the widespread application of computer technology, the safety of elevators, reliability of the increasingly high demand on the relay control weaknesses are becoming evident. Elevator control system relays the failure rate high, greatly reduces the reliability and safety of elevators, and escalators stopped often to take with the staff about the inconvenience and fear. And the event rather than taking the lift or squat at the end of the lift will not only cause damage to mechanical components, but also personal accident may occur. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is the first order logic control in accordance with the needs of developed specifically for industrial environment applications to operate the electronic digital computing device. Given its advantages, at present, the relay control the lift has been gradually replaced by PLC control. At the same time, AC variable frequency motor speed control technology, the way the lift drag speed has been a gradual transition from DC to AC frequency converter. Thus, PLC control technology increases VVVF Elevator modern technology has become a hot industry. 1. PLC elevator control advantages (1) used in elevator control PLC, with software for automatic control of lift operation, reliability greatly increased. (2) layer was removed and a majority of the relay, the control system structure is simple, to simplify the external circuit. (3) PLC can be a variety of complex control system, easy to add or change control functions. (4) PLC can be automated fault detection and alarm display to improve the operation of security and ease of maintenance. (5) for the group control the allocation and management, and improve the efficiency of elevator operation. (6) do not need to change the control scheme changes when the hardware connection. 2. VVVF elevator control characteristics With the power electronics, microelectronics and computer technology to control the rapid development of technology, communication technology VVVF also a very rapid rate. AC variable frequency motor speed control technology is the power to improve the process in order to improve product quality and improving the environment and promoting technological progress as a primary means. Frequency of its excellent performance and the speed brake from a smooth performance, high efficiency, high power factor and power-saving effect of a broad scope of application and many other advantages of being at home and abroad recognized as the most promising approach speed. Exchange characteristics of VVVF Elevator (1)low energy consumption (2) low load circuit, the required emergency power supply device of small In the acceleration stage, the required start-up current of less than 2.5 times the rated current. Peak starting current and time is short. Since the starting current is drastically reduced, so power consumption and power supply cable diameter can be reduced a lot. Required for emergency power supply devices are also relatively small size. (3) high reliability and long service life. (4) good comfort Elevator operation is best to follow the speed curve of a given operation. Their characteristics can be adapted to human feelings, and to ensure that noise operation, smooth brake Ping layer and high precision (5) Stable noise-free (6) In the car, the engine room and adjacent areas to ensure that noise. Because their systems use a high clock frequency. Always produce a true sine wave power supply current yet. Motor torque ripple does not appear. Therefore, to eliminate vibration and noise. 3. Elevator control technology The so-called elevator control technology refers to the elevator drive system and electrical control system of automatic control. 70 as the 20th century in China's elevator was marked by the exchange of two-speed elevator. Its speed is used to change the elevator traction motor of the very few, two or multi-level approach to the number of windings, very few of them as high-speed winding of the winding, a very few number of windings as the low-speed winding. Windings for high-speed elevator-speed start-up and running, low-speed windings for braking and the maintenance of elevators. The early 80s, VVVF inverter controlled variable lift system available. It uses AC motor drives, are able to reach the level of DC motor, control the speed of the current has reached 6 m / sec. Its small size, light weight, high efficiency, energy saving, including the past almost all the advantages of the lift. Is the latest elevator drive system. Operation in vertical lift, there is also the starting point of the terminus station. For more than three-story elevator buildings, the starting point of the terminal stations and stops between the had not, the starting point for these stations at the first floor of the terminal located at the highest floor. Starting point in the first floor of the station known as base stations, known as the starting point at both ends of the terminal stations and stations at both ends of intermediate stops between stations. Outside the station has a call box, box set are used by staff for elevator call button or touch the call button, the general ends of the lift stations in the call box on the Settings button or touch of a button. Middle layer of the station set up the call box button or touch button 2. No drivers for the control of elevators, at various stations are set up calls me on a button or touch button. Elevator car and the internal settings (except for debris elevator) to manipulate me. Control box switch on the handle or set up stations and the corresponding layer of buttons or touch-button control box on the touch-control button or command button or touch the city button. Outside the command button or touch-button issue as the signal outside the command signal, within the command button or touch-button issue within the signal as a command signal. 80 In the mid-20th century, the touch button has been replaced by micro-button. As the elevator call box outside the base station, in addition to set up a call button or touch button, but also set a key switch in order to work the elevator clearance. Drivers or management staff to open the elevator to the base station can wriggle through a dedicated key to the key switch. Close the elevator in place to automatically cut off the elevator control power supply or power supply. 4. PLC Control Elevator Design With the continuous development of urban construction, the increasing high-rise buildings, elevators and life in the national economy has a broad application. Elevator high-rise buildings as a means of transport in the vertical run of daily life has been inextricably linked with people. In fact the lift is based on external call control signals, as well as the laws of their own, such as running, and the call is random, the lift is actually a man-machine interactive control system, simple to use control or logic control order can not meet the control requirements, and therefore , elevator control system uses a random control logic. Elevator control is currently generally used in two ways, first, the use of computer as a signal control unit, the completion of the lift signal acquisition, operation and function of the set, to achieve the lift and set the automatic scheduling function to run the election, drag the control from inverter to complete; the second control mode with programmable logic controller (PLC) to replace the computer control signal sets the election. From the control and performance, these two types of methods and there is no significant difference. Most of the domestic manufacturers to choose the second approach, because the smaller scale of production, their design and manufacture of high cost of computer control devices; and PLC high reliability, convenient and flexible program design, anti-interference ability, stable and reliable operation of the characteristics of Therefore, the elevator control system is now widely used to realize programmable controller. 5. Elevator control system characteristics Operation of the lift curve is above the start to run comfort indicators lift the key features, and comfort are directly related with the acceleration, according to control theory, for a certain amount of change according to the law must be directly controlled, for elevator control system, according to the ideal acceleration curve acceleration feedback to be used, in accordance with the motor torque equation: M-MZ = ΔM = J (dn / dt), can be seen reflected in the rate of change of acceleration of the system of dynamic torque changes on the control system to control the acceleration of the dynamic torque ΔM = M-MZ. Therefore, during this time to control the use of the principle of acceleration, when the start rate of increase in steady-state value above 90%, the acceleration control system by the switch to speed control, as in paragraph steady speed, speed control for the constant fluctuations in the smaller, little change in acceleration, speed and the use of closed-loop control can maintain a steady-state speed accuracy and precision for the braking section to create the conditions ping layer. Is rising at a rate in the system, and although the above-speed PI regulator used to control, but two of the PI parameters are different in order to improve the system dynamic response indicators. The brake in the system, that is, to reduce the speed of control necessary to ensure the comfort, but also strictly in accordance with the operation of the lift of the relationship between speed and distance control to ensure the accuracy of flat layers. To the speed in the system before 120r/min, in order to take into account both be taken to control the acceleration of time-based and at the same time in each braking distance based on actual speed and speed deviations from the theory to fix the acceleration curve of a given method. For example, from a flat layer at the distance L, the speed should be reduced to Vm / s, while the actual high speed V'm / s, is illustrated by the increase in the braking torque is not enough here, therefore to calculate value determined by the speed-ag after it combined with a negative deviation of ε, even here the value given by the speed of amended - (ag + ε) so that a given rate of deceleration and the actual increase of negative bias, which increases braking torque big, so fast down to the standard value, when the motor speed 120r/min down after the car at this time only a dozen or so cm layer anomaly, low speed lift, in order to prevent yet floor parking area on the phenomenon in order to enable faster access to the lift to floor area ratio adjustment used in this paragraph and the use of optimal control of time in order to ensure accurate and timely access to elevator floor area, in order to achieve accurate and reliable level layer. 指 导 教 师 评 语 外文翻译成绩： 指导教师签字： 年 月 日 注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。 2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。