毕业设计-ZL50装载机驱动桥设计【含6张CAD图纸】
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附录A 外文翻译—原文部分
Loader
A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.
Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are successful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage 2 rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.
Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.
In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks,
pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snowbasket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They
clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.
Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere, Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.
The following we will introduce Carter 938G Series II Wheel Loader.
Engine
The 938G II provides more power, excellent fuel economy, and reduced maintenance.
Turbocharged, ATAAC. Turbocharging packs dense air into the cylinders for more complete combustion and lower emissions. Air-to-air aftercooling (ATAAC) provides a separate cooling system for intake manifold air. The ATAAC system reduces smoke and emissions by providingcooler inlet air for more efficient combustion.
Constant Net Horsepower. The 938G II’s electronic engine is integrated with an on-demand cooling fan. The engine compensates for varying fan loads and provides constant net horsepower, regardless of operating conditions. A consistent level of “working” horsepower is provided and fuel consumption is reduced.
Oil Change Intervals. The engine oil change interval is increased to
500 hours (with CH-4 oil), reducing costs and downtime
Powerful Performance. The 3126B ATAAC engine delivers net power of 119 kW (160 hp), and meets EPA Tier 2 emissions standards. Its advanced system keeps fuel at low pressure in the fuel lines until it is injected into the cylinder. Fuel pressure is created hydraulically in response to a signal from the ADEM III™ Electronic Control Module.
Electronic Control Module. The Advanced Diesel Engine Module (ADEM III) fuel system is
a proprietary electronic control module, which provides improved engine response and fuel efficiency,plus advanced diagnostics and reduced emissions. Altitude capability is increased to 3050 meters (10,000 feet) without derating. ADEM III allows full electronic integration
of the engine and transmission for maximum power train efficiency.
Power Train
Advanced Caterpillar power train is reliable and fuel efficient.Electronic Power Shift Transmission.The electronic power shift transmission with automatic shift capability is a countershaft design built by Caterpillar. It is electronically controlled and allows full power shifts and directional changes. Fully modulated gear shifts contribute to operator comfort and increase component life.Electronic Clutch Pressure Control (ECPC). Senses input from both the transmission and the operator controls in the cab to modulate each individual clutch through a proportional electro-hydraulic valve. This results in smoother gear changes and improved shift quality. Energy is modulated into the clutches, resulting in longer clutch life.
Integrated Braking System. New for G Series II, IBS integrates downshifting and transmission neutralization into the left-hand brake pedal. IBS provides smooth, optimized transmission neutralizer performance with a greater range of adjustability. The Integrated Braking System also lowers owning and operating costs by reducing axle oil temperatures, which can extend service brake life.Easy Service. Daily transmission oil level check is done from the ground through a well-protected sight gauge.An oil sampling valve allows quick,clean access to the transmission for S•O•SSM oil analysis.
Cooling System
New G Series II cooling package reduces radiator plugging and improves fuel efficiency.
Reverse Flow. Air enters through the rear grill and exits out the top opening and side hood doors. Rear air flow picks up less debris from the ground, reducing plugging.
Improved System Access. The 938G II adds a swing-out grill, hydraulic oil cooler and air conditioner condenser for easier cleaning. Side panels open to allow access to both sides of all cores for cleaning. A heavy duty Airborne Debris Grill, with 4 mm perforations is available as an attachment.
On-Demand Fan. Electronically controlled, variable speed on-demand fan adjusts to meet the varying cooling requirements of the machine. Fan speed is determined by oil, coolant and inlet
manifold temperatures. In cooler operating conditions, average fan speed is reduced, resulting in less fuel consumption, lower noise levels and less radiator plugging.
Unit Core Radiator. New unit core radiator with square wave shaped fins.Lower fin density (6 fins per inch) allows debris to pass through more easily.
Environmental Features
Caterpillar cares about the environment and continues to develop innovative solutions.
Low Exhaust Emissions. The Cat 3126B ATAAC engine used in the 938G Series II is a low emission engine designed to meet Tier 2 emission regulations. It is electronically controlled, with air-to-air aftercooling for more efficient combustion and cleaner emissions.
Reduced Sound. The electronic on-demand fan automatically
regulates fan speed depending on cooling requirements. The fan draws less horsepower in cooler ambient temperatures, which reduces fuel consumption. Sound levels are also reduced when the fan slows down.There is additional insulation around the engine to reduce sound levels.
Environmental Fluids. Extended Life Coolant/Antifreeze with anti-foaming and anti-corrosion properties provide extended service intervals (up to 6000 hours) and requires less frequent fluid changes and disposals. Air conditioning refrigerant is CFC-free.
Operator Station
The ultimate in wheel loader operator comfort and efficiency.
1 Steering. Low effort hand metering unit steering. Tilt steering column helps fit the wheel to the operator. Load sensing steering directs power through the steering system only when needed. When not steering, more engine power is available to generate rimpull, breakout and lift forces.
2 Excellent Visibility. The front window provides remarkable forward and peripheral
viewing, including the machine wheels and bucket corners. Bonded glass in the windshield eliminates frame obstructions.The sloping hood provides excellent visibility to the rear of the machine.
3 Finger Tip Controls. New pilot-assisted hydraulic implement controls deliver comfortable, low-effort operation. Single lever joystick and lift lever F-N-R switch are available as attachments.
4 New Instrument Cluster. Gauges, status indicators and alert indicators are now centrally located. 3-level warning system monitors key functions. The system alerts the operator of immediate or impending problems with engine oil pressure, parking brake, fuel pressure,electrical system, brake oil pressure,hydraulic oil temperature, transmission filter bypass, engine inlet manifold temperature, primary steering oil pressure and the air inlet heater. LED warning indicators with no bulbs to replace.
5 Cab Access. Left and right side doors swing open 180 degrees and latch for optimal ventilation, visibility and communication to ground level. Left and right side sliding windows are available as an attachment. Full service platforms are provided on both sides of the machine for safety and easy maintenance access.
6 Floor Mounted Pedals. All pedals including the new electronic governor,are floor mounted for greater operator comfort. Left pedal incorporates the new Integrated Braking System that combines service brake, transmission neutralizer and downshift functions.
7 Generous Storage Space.Compartments for lunchbox, coolers
and cups.
8 Seat Options. The standard cloth and vinyl seat adjusts 6 ways. A new Caterpillar Contour
air suspension seat (attachment) provides increased operator comfort with 6-way adjustment and automotive-style lumbar support.
9 Electronic Autoshift Control. Set for manual or one of two fully automatic shifting modes.
10 Ride Control System Switch.Attachment that reduces fore and aft pitch for a smoother, more comfortable ride. Allows the selection of three different modes: Off – always off service. On – always in service.Auto – the system is automatically actuated when the
machine travels at a speed greater than 9 km (6 mph).
11 Transmission Neutralizer Lockout Switch. Rocker switch that locks out the neutralizer. Defaults back to neutralizer “on” upon machine start up.
华东交通大学毕业设计
附录B 外文翻译—译文部分
装载机
装载机是一种主要用于向另一种机械（自卸车、输送皮带、铁路运输车辆等）“装载”物料的建设机械（工程车辆）设备。装载机主要用于向卡车装载物料，以及铺设管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作为挖土作业装载机不是最有效的机械，与挖掘机不同，装载机不适用于轮胎支承面以下较深处的挖掘作业。装载机的深底铲斗一般可装载3～6立方米的土壤。铲斗前置装载机的斗容量远大于挖掘装载机的斗容量。装载机不属于铲土运输机械，因其主要用途并非土方运输。
尽管履带式装载机是普遍的，但与大多数推土机不同，大多数装载机是轮式的而并非履带式。履带式装载机适用于棱角锐利的建筑材料会破坏橡胶轮胎的场合，或者在松软泥泞道路上的作业。轮式装载机具有良好的机动性和较高的工作速度，并且不像履带那样破坏铺装路面，但其所能提供的牵引力较小。
与安装前置铲斗的标准拖拉机不同，许多大型装载机不使用汽车转向机构。取而代之，它们通过液压驱动的安装于前、后桥之间的转向铰接装置转向。这种转向称为“铰接转向”，它可使前桥固定，并使其承受更大的重量。对于一定的轴距铰接转向提供了较好的机动性。由于前轮与工作装置绕同一车轴旋转，驾驶员在使机械定位后可使铲斗沿弧线“转向”，这一点是实用的。
装载机的工作装置可以是更换式的或者是固定安装。铲斗常常可用其它装置或工具更换，例如，许多装载机可以安装叉车工装提升重型货物或者装运集装箱，装备液压开启式“蛤壳”型铲斗可以使装载机像推土机或铲运机一样作业。
在各种建筑工地上装载机也经常用来近距离转运建筑材料，例如砖块、管材、钢筋、各种挖掘工具等。借助铲斗或除雪铲，装载机也用于除雪作业，但通常使用除雪装置。它们用来清除街道、公路和停车场上的积雪。有时用装载机将积雪装载到自卸车上进行运输。
近20年来，特别是在城市建设工程和小型土方运输工程中，装载机获得了普遍的应用。许多工程车辆制造商可生产多种类型的装载机，其中最知名的有约翰迪尔、卡特彼勒、凯斯、沃尔沃、小松和利勃海尔等品牌。
下面我们将介绍卡特938GII系列轮式装载机。
发动机
这个938GII提供更大的动力，优良的燃油经济性，并减少维修。
涡轮增压，ATAAC。涡轮增压使包裹着更大密度的空气进入汽缸以便更完全的燃烧，更少的排放物。ATAAC提供了一个独立的冷却空气进气系统。ATAAC系统通过冷却进气空气使更完全的燃烧从而减少烟气的排放。
恒定的净功率 :该938G II的电子引擎集成了可调节散热风扇。不管什么样的工作条件，发动机风扇补偿了变化的负载，并提供恒定的净马力。一个恒定马力的“工作”状态被提供并且燃料消耗降低。
换油周期。该发动机机油更换间隔增加至 500小时（用CH - 4油），降低了成本和停机时间。该3126B ATAAC发动机提供119千瓦（160马力）的净功率，并符合美国环保署2级排放标准。其先进的系统在燃料管线上保持低压，直到它被注入气缸。燃油压力产生液压从电子控制模块中做出响应信号。
电子控制模块：先进的柴油引擎模块燃料系统是一种专有的电子控制模块，它提供了改进的发动机响应和燃油效率，再加上先进的诊断减少了排放量。爬坡能力提高到三千零五十零米（10,000英尺）。ADEM III 允许电子发动机一体化使传动系传输效率最高。
传动系统
卡特动力系统先进可靠，省油。 电子式动力换挡变速器.电子式自动换挡变速箱自动换挡能力是一个被卡特彼勒建成的中间轴设计。它是电子控制，并允许全功率的变化和方向变化。充分调制换档有助于提高操作员舒适性和元件寿命。
电子离合器压力控制（ECPC）。来自传动装置和操作员在驾驶室控制的感官输入通过各比例电动液压阀来调制离合器。这就有了换档顺畅和改善换挡质量这样的结果。能源被调制到离合器中，使离合器的寿命较长。
综合制动系统：新的G II系列，IBS集成低速变速器进入左边的刹车踏板。 IBS提供平稳，更大范围的可调节性能优化的传动装置。综合制动系统还能通过减少车轴油的温度降低生产费用，那可以延长制动器寿命成本。
便于维修：通过被防护的观测计从接触面检查每日传动油油位.一个油采样阀门允许快速，清理传动装置进口为获得S•O•SSM油液分析。
冷却系统
新的GII系列II散热器冷却封装减少堵塞，提高燃油效率。
反向流动。空气通过后部进入，从顶口和侧口排出。后方的气流从地面带来更少的污物，减少堵塞。
改进的系统通道。938GII添加了个摆动刷，液压油冷却器和空调冷凝器更容易清洗。打开侧板，允许磁芯的两面都被清洗。重型机载碎片水箱护罩与4毫米齿孔，作为附件提供。
风机。电控变速风机调节,以满足需求的不同冷却要求的机器。风扇速度取决于油、冷却介质及进口气管的温度。在较凉的操作条件下,平均风速减小,导致更少的燃料消耗,降低噪音,更少的散热器堵塞。
散热器核心单元：新单元散热器带有方波成形散热片.更低密度的散热器散热片让核心碎片更容易通过。
环境特征
卡特注重环境和持续发展创意的解决方案。
低废气排放。卡特3126B ATAAC引擎在938GII使用的是一种低排放发动机，以满足二
级排放法规。它是电子控制，ATAAC为更有效率和更清洁的排放量。
降低声音。风扇自动调节需根据冷却风扇速度的要求。风机吸收更少的马力,从而降低环境温度冷却器的燃料消耗。当风机减缓时声级也减小。又额外减少绝缘引擎周围的声音级别。
环境流体。冷却剂/防冻剂具有抗起泡性和抗腐蚀性能提供延长服务时间间隔（6000小时），需要更少的频繁的流体变化和处置。空调制冷剂无氟。
操作员控制台
在轮式装载机操作者的舒适度和效率。
1操纵：手计量单位低受力转向。适应轮经营者的倾斜转向柱帮助。当需要时负荷传感转向指向力量通过转向系统。当不转向,更多的发动机功率是可用来产生边缘拉力、抬升力。
2能见度极佳：前面的窗户提供良好的前视和周边的观赏,包括机器的轮子和斗的角落。在挡风玻璃上消除保税玻璃框架障碍物。倾斜的引擎盖,为尾部的机器提供了良好的能见度。
3指尖控制。新的试验辅助液压实行控制，提供舒适，省力的操作。单杆和升降杆操纵杆FNR的开关都作为附属装置提供。
4新的仪表盘。压力表,状况指标和报警指标是现在在中心。三级报警系统监视器主要功能。该系统的警报的经营人迫在眉睫的问题是立即用机油压力、停车制动,燃油压力、电力系统、刹车油压力、液压油温度、传输、发动机进气歧管的过滤旁路温度、转向油压和空气进口加热器。LED灯泡警告指标没有替代的。
5驾驶室口：左，右侧车门打开180度的摆动与优化通风，能见度和地面通信闩锁。左，右侧滑动窗口都作为附属装置提供。在机器的两侧为机器的安全和容易维修提供全面的服务。
6踏板：为适应操作者的舒适度所有的踏板包括新的电子调速器被安装。融合了全新整合的左踏板刹车制动系统包含了脚踏闸，传动装置，减速档。
7宽松的空间.为便当，冷饮器，杯子划出隔间。
8座椅的选择。标准的布和塑料基座椅调整6种方式。一个新的空气悬浮座椅轮，可提高6路调整和汽车式腰部支撑的舒适性。
9电子自动变速控制。设置为手动或自动换挡的两个完全模式之一。
10行驶控制系统开关：减小了纵长及校平器纵长节距便于更舒适的乘坐。允许在三种不同的模式选择：关闭 - 始终关闭服务。开启 - 总在服务.自动 - 系统会自动启动的当机的速度超过9公里（6英里）或更大的速度。
11传输力合器和锁定开关。跷板开关，锁定力合器。力合器回到默认值，机器启动起来。
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