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22吨液压挖掘机总体设计--文献原文
重 庆 理 工 大 学
文 献 翻 译
二级学院 机械工程学院
班 级 109040201
学生姓名 陈开飞 学 号 10904020102
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年 月 日
现代工程机械行业的技术进步
摘要
大型机械式挖掘机在国际和国内的矿山以及工程施工中已得到广泛应用，其生产率与性能有直接关系。现代的工程机械逐渐向四个方向发展：1.操作原理的创新，破土新法与高频振动；2.传动方式创新，通用液压与电气传动；3.符合人体工程学的创新，以人为本与简化操作；4.外观造型创新，工业与环境的设计；5.人工智能创新，智能机器人。随着现代工程机械行业的技术进步，一个全新的工程机械行业将呈现在人们眼前。
正文
大型机械式挖掘机在国际和国内的矿山开采以及工程施工中得到广泛的应用，其性能的优劣对生产率有很大的影响.在国际市场逐步开放的今天，如何提高产品的质量是一个公司提高其市场竞争力的关键。
目前，我国的大型机械式挖掘机在设计水平，设计手段及产品质量无法与国际上先进技术同步.国外已经将现代设计方法(电子模拟理论、动态设计、可靠性设计等)普遍地应用于挖掘机设计，使产品设计现代化，性能可靠。而我国仍然主要采用传统的仿型设计，而现代设计方法还没有被实际的应用在挖掘机的设计上。主要表现在自主设计开发能力不够，基础工作做得还不是很完善，尤其在挖掘机动力学设计方面。
挖掘机结构非常复杂，往往是多发动机同时驱动，同时工作环境十分恶劣，外载荷总是随机性变化。因此在设计新型大型矿用挖掘机时，为了确保其作业的安全，工作顺畅，除必要的理论分析和静强度计算外，还必须要进行动力学分析和计算，以在设计之初保证机械的动强度和可靠性。在进行动力学分析时，应确定挖掘机各部件的载荷特性，以设计出可靠的产品。
从20世纪80年代到本世纪初，中外工程机械产品技术在新的技术革命中已从一个成熟期走到了现代化时期，工程机械产品的综合技术水平跃上了一个新的台阶。电子技术、微电脑、传感器、电液伺服控制系统的集成化改造了传统的工程机械产品，计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造，计算机辅助工程机械及器材制造业管理，IT网络技术装备了工程机械的销售与信息传递系统，从而让人们看到了一个全新的工程机械行业。新的工程机械产品在工作效率、作业质量、环境保护、操作性能及自动化程度诸多方面都是过去所不可比拟的，并且在进一步向着机器人化和智能化方向发展。
1.操作原理的创新：破土新法与高频振动
随着科学技术的研究发展，工程机械的操作理论在不断地创新。机械工程的操作原理包括对土石方的切割、破碎、回填，对土工材料的筛分、混合与加热，对混合料的摊铺、平整与压实等。这些操作原先是以仿生学与牛顿力学为基础的，而现代科学的发展为工程机械操作原理创新奠定了基础。例如机械振动、脉冲、射流、光电效应及热物理学的应用， 为工程机械节省资源，提高工程质量、提高生产效率、工作可靠性、驾驶的舒适性与自动化程度创造了条件。
挖掘机、推土机、装载机等土方工程机械切割破土项目，我们有了无斗铣切法、高频振动、液体和气体射流法及多孔破土法。使用新操作原则的破土原理改造的铲斗、松土器可以对高强度的岩土进行挖掘，在一般情况下都可以降低单位土方的成本，提高生产效率，并且在靠近建筑物挖土时可代替钻孔爆破方法挖掘。
振动压路机是是一种机械振动，并达成“振地不振人”作业效果的最有力说明。高频振动压实技术的应用是现代动力机械工程中的重要研究成果，在振动压路机上同时应用了隔振理论。20世纪90年代，出现了水平振动（振荡）与垂直振动的定向振动压实方法，以及无级调幅振动和不同于简谐振动的混沌振动等振动压实作业原理，并且形成了相应系列的振动压路机。冲击式压路机打破了传统的圆柱形滚子结构，使用具有3-5个边的多边形辊由牵引车拖行，以每秒2-3次以便顺序地冲击地面。这种剧烈冲击具有地震波的传播特性，其压实深度随碾压遍数而递增，在5m深处的压实度可达90%-92%。冲击压路机具有静压冲击、振动捣实与揉搓的综合作用，用于全面收干沙土填补压实。
沥青摊铺机慰平工作装置是工程机械作业原理创新的典型例子。慰平板使用柴油、液化石油气或电加热和60Hz的振动频率，并采用红外线、超声波或激光水平，是一个多学科的高新技术应用。这平整技术技术也可以应用到地平面上，如氨氯地平或细平的斜坡。
机械振动传输频率还通常用于凿岩、石料破碎与筛分及沉拔桩等工程施工。石料的烘干可以使用柴油、燃料油和煤碳多种燃料的燃烧器，沥青的加热及沥青混合料的搅拌与绝缘过程中都充分运用了热物理学理论。沥青的乳化与改性都是一些物理化学反应的具体应用。
2．传动方式创新：通用液压与电气传动
20世纪的液压传动在60年代开始应用到了压路机上，只十年的时间就得到了推广和普及。现在压路机的行走、振动、转向及制动系统已实现了全液压传动。液压传动大大简化了压路机传动与操纵系统的设计，液压传动平稳、操纵方便省力、容易实现无级调速和自动控制，从总体上提高了压路机的生产效率与压实质量。现在在国外市场上已经很少见到机械传动的压路机了。
液压传动技术于20世纪70年代开始应用到了推土机上，并且很快扩展了中小型推土机和装载机的数量，美国约翰·迪尔公司，卡特彼勒公司，德国利渤海尔公司及日本小松制作所都生产和销售推寺机与装载机。静液压传动不使用液力变矩器，这省去了左线和刹车零件及机械传动，能利用安全阀对机械和液压系统实现过载保护，并以较小的索引功率产生最大的索引力，其剩余的功率可以用在机器的辅助操作等。
德国的德马克公司和利渤海尔公司于1954年和1955年率先其他上市公司开发了全液压挖掘机，但静液压传动在大型挖掘机上的普及和应用是在20世纪70年代。自80年代初，挖掘机从大到小正逐步实现了驱动行走、回转与挖掘机的全液压化。在国际市场上的挖掘机，已全部淘汰了各种机械传动的机构。
诞生历史更晚的道路是以机械液压传动为主，如摊铺机、稳土机、路面铣刨机等，液压传动的平稳性有助于提高铺平道路的质量。在凿岩台车和凿岩机上，液压传动已取代了以往的空气动力学，现代轮胎式起重机和打桩工作也在向全液压化的方向发展。
电力工业在生产中的应用虽然具有悠久的历史，但在移动机械上的使用很少。这首先是因为电动机的能容量小，一台电动机与同功率的液压马达相比，其重量和体积要大好多倍，这给机器的空间布置带来了很大的困难。另外，电气传动的效率低，并且需要消耗大量有色金属。但电气传动可以很好地实现无级调速、制动和功率分流，电传动更方便和易于大型矿车、大型挖掘机和大型装载机上，以发动机—发电机—电动轮传递功率。德国福格勒公司还开发了电动车轮传递功率。德国福格勒公司还研发了电传动的沥青摊铺机，该机的所有回转系统都用电马达驱动，只有料斗开合板平整油箱仍使用液压传动。另外就是在较小的作业区域工作，使用了电力驱动的大型挖掘机的装载机，这种电力驱动使用电缆传输动力而不必在机器上安装发动机。
3．符合人体工程学的创新：以人为本与简化操作
20世纪80年代以来，许多世界上大的工程机械制造公司都投入很大的人力和财力在现代设计方法学的研究和应用上。人机工程学是一个“以人为本”的设计思想，重点强调机器与人的相互协调，提高操作者的安全性、驾驶舒适性，方便于司机操作和技术保养，这样既改善操作的工作条件，又提高了生产效率，对工程机械的振动、噪声、废气排放和防止滚筒的下降都制定了新的标准，甚至付诸法律。
现在，各类工程机械都是设计有防止滚筒下降的保护装置，以保护驾驶者的人身安全，并且对驾驶室进行设计和安装。驾驶室内有足够的人体空间和开阔的视野，并采取必要的密封、减振、降噪和温度控制措施。室内的座椅、操纵杆件、仪表与显视器都根据人机工程学设计，并且尽量减少操纵部位与操纵力。为了减轻驾驶者的疲劳，选用悬浮式减振座椅，并研制了气液悬持系统的驾驶室地板。
电子技术在工程机械上的应用，极大的简化了驾驶者的操作程序和提高了设备的技术性能。利用电子控制可以自动选择机器的作业模式，例如挖掘机的三种作业模式——动臂优先、回转优先和微调整，串联振动车轮和全振动等。电子监测可以及时发现和排除机器系统的故障，例如发动机润滑油失压、风扇传动带断裂、液压油污染或过热和滤油器堵塞等，都能及时发出声响或灯光报警，由于使用电子感应装置可以自动检测机器的工作质量，如随机检测振动压路机的压实程度，自动检测与调整沥青混合料的级配比例与出料温度等。
美国消音技术公司研制了一种电子消音器，电子仪器分析发动机排气噪声波的结构，并产生一种与之相位差180°的干扰波，这种“抗噪声”与发动机排气的噪声相抵消，从而得到消声的目的。这种电了消音器可用于消除发动机的基本噪声和驾驶室内的噪声。通过工程机械驾驶室内消音和隔离，噪声可以降低到70dB（A）以下。
另外，通过集中润滑、自动润滑及故障报警，大大减少了工程机械的维修工作量。德莱赛公司阐明装载机轴的润滑周期可延长到2000h，机油和滤清器的周期延长到250h；卡特彼勒公司装载机的日常维护时间缩短到3.45min，使用100h的技术维护时间也仅需6-7min。
4．外观造型创新：工业与环境的设计
现代科学技术的高速发展，推动着社会的进步，给人类带来了高度的物质文明与精神文明。工业设计即是工业产品的产品，也称其为产品的艺术形式。机械产品的艺术造型应能体现其功能的合理性及外在质量的统一性，同时产品应体现先进的技术，满足现代的审美要求。
说工程机械“一纸制品出售”，那是一种夸张的说法，但不包含造型设计肯定是不可取的。工程机械的造型设计可以塑造机器的形态与结构、功能及使用要求，并与人的生理及心理相协调。这种造型设计应当包括各部分恰当的比例，形体流畅、色彩协调、仪表布置美观以及便于直观操作并有直观的标志商标符号。现在世界各大公司都非常重视产品的工业设计，并且出现了专门的研究和设计机构。
居世界领先地位的压实机制造商——宝马公司，其三分之一压实机械的机器造型由工业设计专家Louis.L.lepoix设计，产生了良好的整体效果。该系列拆卸更换过滤器、传动件、软管及日常维护十分方便。采用圆弧形的现代驾驶室和在倾角的发动机罩视野开阔、线条流畅，具有时代气息。驾驶方向盘的高度与角度可以调节，选用舒适的高靠背可调减振座椅，给驾驶员提供了一个良好的操作环境。仪器仪表盘设计合理，易于观察和控制，倾斜的司机盖，以提供良好的视野。液压转向器转移到驾驶室，以减少驾驶室内的热量与噪声。圆弧形的挡风玻璃和驾驶室的四个外支承可隔离噪声与振动，使室内的噪声低于70dB(A)。
其它的许多工程机械也都是不同程度地强调了工业设计，例如零部件布置尽量下移，以降低整机重心；适当地扩大支承面积，以增加机器的稳定性；为了达到审美的标准，使左右对称分布；为了显示线条的流畅，去掉一些外观造型的尖角、棱边等。工程机械的油漆更是工业设计的重要组成部分，其色调应该鲜明，提高作业环境的安全性，并与野外施工现场的绿树田野相协调，使用平顶的腰线和提高机器下车的颜色浓度可以增加机器的视觉稳定性等。
５．人工智能创新：智能机器人
工程机械在建筑领域代替了人的体力劳动，扩展了人的手脚功能。传统机械未能解决好人的体力和生理负担问题，更遑论舒缓人的精神和心理负担了。现代化工程机械应该被赋予灵动性，智能机械工程是有思维头脑（微电脑）、感觉器官（传感器）、神经网络（电子传输）、五脏六腑（动力与传输）及手足骨骼（工作机构与行走装置）的电信系统集成。
机电信一体化并非机电与信息技术的简单结合，它所构成的系统必须有5项功能：①检测和识别工作对象与工作条件的功能；②根据工作目标自行作出决策的功能；③响应决策、执行支持动作的功能；④自动监测与自我修正的功能；⑤自z轴安全保护和故障排除功能。这就是工程机械智能化的一些具体目标。
在机械工程的智能化过程中，自始至终充满着自我学习技术和自适应技术的运用。现在机电信一体化技术实现了对发动机、液压系统和电气系统的全面控制，机器被赋予各种感觉与智慧。在实时监测工作状态的基础上，工程机械将从部分自动化过渡到全面自动化，并且向着远距离无人控制的趋势发展。随着人工智能的介入，工程机械将加速其现代进程的发展，逐步过渡到完全智慧化的作业机器人目标。到那时，一些新的机器人作业程序就会应运而生。
Modern construction machinery industry of technical progress
Abstract
In the international and domestic, a large mechanical digger has been widely used in mining and construction, and the performance is directly related to the productivity. The development of the modern engineering machinery is gradually divided into four directions. The first, the innovation in operation principle , break the law and high frequency vibration; The second, drive for innovation, and common hydraulic and electric transmission; The third, the innovation according to human body engineering, people-oriented and simplify the operation; What’s more ,the innovation in appearance style, and industrial design with the environment; last but not least, the innovation of artificial intelligence and intelligent robot.. With the technical progress of modern construction machinery industry, a new construction machinery industry will appear in front of people.
The body
Large-size mechanical mining excavator is used widely in international and domestic engineering construction and mining performance, and its property defines the efficiency much.Now because the international market is opened step step, how to promote the quality of excavator is the key that a factory reinforces its competing force.
In our country，the designing elevation and production quality on excavator can not keep up with international advanced technology applying on excavator.Now the advanced technology has already applied advanced designing method on excavator designing，such as electronic simulating theory，dynamic design， reliability design and so on.But in our country ,the most excavator design has still applied the traditional design method ,the modern design method has not began to be actually applied .The prime display is that the capability of self-design is not enough and the basic work has not done perfectly especially the excavator kinetics .
The construct of excavator is very complex and the multiple movers often work simultaneously.at the same time its working environment is very bad and the eternal load varies randomly.As a result ,when designing the new product of excavator ,in order to ensure the performance safety，the designer not only has the basic theory analysis on static load computing ,but also do necessary work about the kinetics of mechanism to qualify the dynamic reliability in the period of designing .Trough the kinetic analysis ,the load property of all the elements in excavator can be decided so as to design reliable product .
From the 1980s of the 20th century to the beginning of this century. Chinese and foreign engineering machinery technology products come from a maturity period of modernization along with a new technological revolution, Mechanical engineering products integrated technology to a new level. Electronic technology, micro-computer, sensors, electro-hydraulic servo control system integration and transformation of the traditional mechanical engineering products, Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided management of construction machinery and equipment manufacturing, IT network technology equipment, construction machinery sales and information transfer systems, thus enabling people to see a brand new construction machinery industry. New construction machinery products in the efficiency and operational quality, environmental protection, performance and automation are many areas due to the past. and toward the further robotic and intelligent direction.
1、 operating principles of Innovation : groundbreaking new law with the high-frequency vibration
With scientific and technological research in the development, engineering machinery operating theory is constantly innovating. Operating mechanical engineering principles, including the cutting of earth, broken ground on the screen geotextile material, mixed with heating, right mixture of paving, leveling and compaction, etc.. These operations Jimmy initially bionics and Newtonian mechanics-based, Modern science and the development of engineering machinery operating principle of laying the foundation for innovation. For example, mechanical vibration and pulse jet, the photoelectric effect and thermal physics, the application of mechanical engineering to save resources and improve the quality of construction improve production efficiency, reliability and driving comfort and a degree of automation to create conditions.
Excavators, bulldozers, loaders, and other earthmoving machinery cutting groundbreaking project, we had no struggle milling, high-frequency vibration, Liquid gas jet method and porous ground breaking law. Groundbreaking use of the new operating principle of transformation to a bucket, can loosen the soil excavation for the high-intensity rock, Under normal circumstances can reduce the unit cost of earthwork and improve production efficiency, and the soil near the building when substitute bored-blasting method.
Vibratory Roller is a mechanical vibration and have reached a "sluggish vibration to" operational effectiveness of the most powerful note. High-frequency vibration compaction technology is the application of modern dynamics in the mechanical engineering important research results, In vibratory roller simultaneously with the application of vibration isolation theory. 90s of the 20th century, there have been a level of vibration (vibration) and vertical vibration directional vibration compaction method, and an AM-vibration and different from the harmonic vibration of chaotic vibration vibratory compaction operating principle, and the formation of the corresponding series of vibratory roller. Impact Roller broke the existing traditional cylindrical roller structure, Use 3-5 edge with the pressure roller polygon dragged by a tractor, 2-3 times per second in order to impact on the ground. This has dramatic impact on the seismic wave propagation characteristics, the depth of compaction several times with the RCC and incremental, 5m in the depths of the degree of compaction of up 90%-92%. Impact Roller is static shock, vibration and rub it smashes the comprehensive role for large fill, Collapse dry sand and soil filling the compaction.
Asphalt paver Weiping equipment is operating principles of mechanical engineering innovation typical example. Fung plate diesel, liquefied petroleum gas or electric heating and 60 Hz frequency of vibration, and using infrared, ultrasonic or laser leveling, is a multidisciplinary high-tech applications. This leveling the technology can be applied to the ground plane, as amlodipine or fine leveling the slope.
Transfer frequency mechanical vibration is also commonly used for drilling, stone crushing and sieving and Shen pulling piling works. The stone drying can use diesel, fuel oil and coal combustion of various fuels on the asphalt from the barrel, heating and asphalt mixture, stirring and insulation process is the full use of thermal theory of physics. Asphalt emulsion and some are modified chemical reaction physical specific application.
2、drive innovation : universal hydraulic and electric drive
Hydraulic drive in the 20th century, the 1960s applied to the roller, only 10 years on the time has been spread and popularize. Now roller travel, vibration, steering and braking systems has achieved the full hydraulic drive. Hydraulic drive greatly simplified the roller drive and control system design, hydraulic drive a smooth, convenient manipulation effort, easy to achieve variable speed and automation, in general, improve the production efficiency of roller compaction and quality. Now foreign markets have seen very little mechanical transmission of the roller.
Hydrostatic drive technology in the 1970s began to use bulldozers, and will soon be extended to a number of small and medium bulldozers and loaders, the United States John Deere, Caterpillar, Germany Bohai benefit companies and Dole produced by Komatsu of Japan has production and sales pushed Temple hydraulic machines and loaders. Hydrostatic drive not to use hydraulic torque converter, which dispense with the left lane and brake parts and mechanical drive, use of a safety valve on mechanical and hydraulic systems overload protection, and the index of smaller power play biggest index, its remaining power available in the auxiliary machinery operation.
German company Deutsche mark and Lee Bohai Fall of other public companies in 1954 and in 1955 took the lead in developing a hydraulic excavator , but the hydrostatic transmission in large excavator is the popularization and application of the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, excavators and subdivided, is gradually realized - powered, rotary and the hydraulic excavator of. In the international market excavators, were all eliminated various mechanical drive.
Late history of the birth of the road is more mechanical hydraulic drive-based, such as paver, soil stabilizer, Pavement milling machine, hydraulic transmission smoothness help improve the quality of the roads paved. Drilling in the car and drilling machines, hydraulic transmission has replaced the previous aerodynamic, Wheeled modern cranes and machinery also piling work to the whole in the direction of hydraulic development.
Electricity in industrial production while the application has a long history, but in mobile machinery is seldom used. This is because, firstly, to the motor capacity of, a motor with the same power as compared to the hydraulic motor, its weight and bulk to good times, to the machinery space layout brought great difficulties. In addition, the efficiency of electrical transmission over low efficiency and consumption of a large volume of non-ferrous metals. But electric drive can be well realized variable speed, braking and electrical power streaming -- Drive more convenient and easy to large tub, large excavator and large loaders, engine-generator-electric wheels will transfer power. Germany Vogele also been developed for electric power will transfer wheel. Germany Vogele also been developed electric drive an asphalt paver, the aircraft's systems are all rotary motor driven electricity, Only Hopper CDCC and comfort slab leveling tank still use hydraulic transmission. The other is the regional mobile operations in the smaller mining site, the use of electric drive large excavator loaders, Such use of electric drive power transmission cables without the engine installed on the machines.
3、ergonomic innovations : a people-oriented and simplified operation
1980s of the 20th century, Many of the world's largest engineering machinery manufacturing company has invested considerable human and financial resources for modern design methodology of the research and used. Ergonomics is a "people-oriented" design, with emphasis on the machines mutual coordination and crew safety, driving comfort, convenience in the driver's operation and maintenance technologies, such drivers both improved working conditions, and increased production efficiency, and some of the engineering machinery vibration, noise, emissions and the prevention of roller drop from the development of the new standard, and even those laws.
Now all kinds of projects are mechanical design roller defense and falling-object protective devices to protect the personal safety of the drivers, with the cab and are designed and installed. Indoor driving sufficient human space and broad vision, and to take the necessary seals, vibration, noise and temperature control measures. Indoor chairs, pieces of the stick, gauges and the monitor according to ergonomics and design and minimize the manipulation and control of parts. To reduce driver fatigue, to choose the suspension damping chairs, and to develop a gas-liquid system hanging with the cab floor.
Electronic technology, mechanical engineering applications, which greatly simplifies the driver's operational procedures and to the machine's technical performance. The use of electronic control machine can automatically choose the mode of operation, such as excavators to the three operating modes -- boom priority, Rotary priorities and micro-adjustment tandem wheels all vibration and vibration. Electronic monitoring can detect and remove machines system failures, such as engine oil pressure loss. Fan fracture belt drive, hydraulic oil contamination or overheating and oil filter blockage, can promptly lights or audible alarm, by the use of electronic sensor device can handle automatic detection machines quality of the work, If random vibration testing of the degree of compaction roller, automatic detection and adjustment of the asphalt mixture ratio and size distribution outlet temperature.
American muffler technology company developed an electronic silencer, electronic equipment engine exhaust noise analysis of the wave structure, and produce a phase difference of 180 ° with the acoustic interference, This "anti-noise" and the engine exhaust noise offset, which over the purpose of the muffler. Such a muffler -- can be used to eliminate the basic engine noise and the noise indoor driving. Muffler and isolation through the engineering machinery driving indoor noise can be reduced to 70dB (A) below.
In addition, by concentrating on lubrication, automatic lubrication and fault alarm, greatly reducing the engineering and mechanical maintenance workload. Dreiser companies axis articulated loader lubrication cycle extended to 2000h. oil and filter replacement cycle extended to 250h; Caterpillar loader routine maintenance to shorten the time 3.45min. 100 hours use of the technical maintenance for only 6-7min.
4、Creative : industrial design with the environment
Modern science and technology of high-speed development, promoting social progress, for humanity to a high degree of material civilization and spiritual civilization. Industrial design is the product of industrial product design, product also known as the art form. Mechanical Products art forms should be able to demonstrate its function in a rational and external quality of uniformity, the product should reflect the advanced technology and meet the aesthetic requirements of modernity.
For mechanical engineering, said it was "a Paper goods sold," That is an exaggeration, but
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