2t叉车工作装置总体设计【三级门架】【含CAD图和说明书】

2t叉车工作装置总体设计【三级门架】【含CAD图和说明书】,三级门架,含CAD图和说明书,叉车,工作,装置,总体,设计,三级,CAD,说明书 §2-1 外观图及外形尺寸图 B系列叉车外观图 B系列叉车外形尺寸图 项目 CPCD30DB A货叉起升时高度（带挡货架） 4250 mm B最大起升高度 3000 mm C货叉落地时全高（门架垂直时） 2050 mm D挡货架高（门架货叉面算起） 1255 mm E自由起升高度 300 mm F货叉厚度 45 mm G最小离地间隙 115 mm H全长（带货叉） 3765 mm I全长（不带货叉） 2695 mm J货叉长度 1070 mm K前悬距 485 mm L轴距 1700 mm M后悬距 500 mm N牵引销高 425 mm O座椅面到护顶架距离 1000 mm P全高 2090 mm Q全宽 1225 mm R货叉调节范围（货叉外侧） 240-1040 mm S前轮距 1000 mm T后轮距 970 mm U货叉宽度 130 mm V内转弯半径 200 mm W外转弯半径 2424 mm X最小直角通道宽度 2110 mm Y门架倾角 6°/ -12° §2-2 叉车主要结构尺寸 §2-3 主要性能参数 参数名称 设计值 极限偏差 最大起升高度 3000mm +(3000mm)1.5% 自由起升高度 300mm ±(300mm)5% 全自由起升高度 1430mm ±(1430mm)2% 门架前倾角 6° 6°±0.5° 门架后倾角 12° 12°±1° 最大起升速度 无载 470mm/s ±(470mm)10% 满载 450mm/s ±(450mm)10% 最大行驶速度 无载 19.5km/h ±(19.5mm)10% 满载 18km/h ±(18mm)10% 最大下降速度 无载 ≥300mm/s ≥450mm/s 满载 ＜600mm/s ≤450mm/s 最小转弯半径 2424mm ±(2424mm)5% 满载最大爬坡度 18% ≥15% 自重 4320kg ±(4320kg)3% §2-4 其它相关技术参数 【分流阀压力】14MPa 【起升压力】16MPa 【转向压力】9MPa 【分流量】20L/min 【侧移缸参数】工作压力：14MPa；工作行程：200mm；油缸内经：φ50mm；油缸外经：φ60mm； 活塞杆直经：φ22mm。 - - 信息工程学院2011届毕业设计(论文)中期检查表 □合格 □黄牌警告 □不合格 教研室　 填表日期： 2011年 5 月 日 学生姓名 顾卫卫 专业班级 机械07-7班 指导教师 姜丽娟 毕业设计 (论文)题目 三级门架工作装置设计 起止时间 4月 1 日～ 7月1日 地点 校内 是 校外 毕业设计 （论文）应 完成内容 查阅资料熟悉题目、理解任务书规定的任务调研，上网查阅资料，到图书馆查阅资料通过各种途径完成调研报告查找与题目相关的外文资料，并完成外文翻译进行方案分析，确定方案，计算油缸的规格绘制三级门架装置图绘制中门架图 按进度计划 中期应完成 内容 目前完成情况 （指导教师手写） 进度情况 □良好 □一般 □滞后（1周以内，含1周） □严重滞后（2周以上，含2周） 考勤情况 全勤 请假 未到 （由指导教师确认） 　　　天　　　　 　　　　次 指导教师意见 该生是否主动找指导教师讨论问题 □是 □否 指导教师签名 根据该生进度情况是否建议黄牌警告或不合格 □是 □否 指导教师签名 教研室 检查结论 □合格 □黄牌警告 □不合格 黄牌警告 （学生填写） 本人毕业设计目前没有达到进度要求，被列入黄牌警告名单，我保证在复查前赶回进度（一周后复查）。 学生签字： 2011年 5 月 日 滞后原因及 解决办法 学生填写 指导教师填写 教学部 复查意见 该生现在的毕设进度 □积极改善 □有所改善 □毫无改善 学院抽查结论 进度情况 □正常 □滞后 □严重滞后 说明：1.本表由指导教师如实填写，每生一份，各教学部审核检查结论。 　　　 2.选择项目请在相应栏目内填√。 3.良好：进度超前于计划；一般：可按时完成；滞后：加快进度后可以完成；严重滞后：不能按时完成任务。 4.此表各教研室负责人签字后报教学部存档。 毕业设计（论文）专业负责人签字： 2011年5月 日 大连交通大学信息工程学院2011届本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 The forklifts With the development of our economy, the equipment manufacturing develops faster too. The forklifts play an increasingly important part in logistics. In order to make better use of forklifts and make our forklifts known by the international countries, we need to get better understanding of basic knowledge of forklifts, some regulations, and try to find out the strategies for our forklifts moving to the international. This essay will focus on these three parts. A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, side loader, fork truck, tow-motor or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. The modern forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing。 The forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations. Forklift truck is used in project for forking, lifting and stowing things. It is small, light, tight in structure and easy to operate which can work in narrow space. Industrial handling vehicles are widely used in ports, railway stations, airports, freight yard, factory workshops, warehouses, distribution centers etc，and they also can enter the cabin, the compartment within the tray and container cargo handling, handling operations. It is an essential equipment of pallet transportation , container transportation. Forklift plays a very important role at the enterprise's logistics system as the main force in the material handling equipment. It is widely used in railway stations, ports, airports, factories, warehouses, and other national economic sectors, and performances as the important equipment in mechanical handling, stacking and short-distance transportation. Forklift has a long history. Self-propelled forklift trucks appeared in 1917. During World War II, forklifts develops. The middle nineteenth century through the early twentieth century saw the developments that led to today's modern forklifts. The Pennsylvania Railroad in 1906 introduced battery powered platform trucks for moving luggage at their Altoona, Pennsylvania train station. World War I saw the development of different types of material handling equipment in the United Kingdom by Ransomes, Sims and Jeffries of Ipswich. This was in part due to the labor shortages caused by the war. In 1917 Clark in the United States began developing and using powered tractor and powered lift tractors in their factories. In 1919 the Towmotor Company and Yale & Towne Manufacturing in 1920 entered the lift truck market in the United States. Continuing development and expanded use of the forklift continued through the 1920s and 1930s. World War II, like World War I before, spurred the use of forklift trucks in the war effort. Following the war, more efficient methods for storing products in warehouses were being implemented. Warehouses needed more maneuverable forklift trucks that could reach greater heights. New forklift models were made that filled this need. In 1956 Toyota introduced its first lift truck model, the Model LA, in Japan and sold its first forklift in the United States in 1967. Now look back to China forklifts, since1950s, manufacturing forklifts appeared in China . Especially with the rapid development of China's economy, most enterprises have been out of the original material handling manual handling, and is replaced by mechanized transport such as forklifts. Therefore, in the past few years, China's demand for forklift trucks reaches a double-digit annual growth. With the development of economy and the industries, many types of forklifts appear to acquire the needs of the markets. Based upon the structure, forklift trucks are of the following types: Standard Trucks: These are the large, sturdy forklift trucks, that are used in warehouses. Standard trucks can lift weights that range between 3,000 to 4,000 pounds. The blades can lift cargo up to a height of 20 feet. Reach Truck: These are narrow-aisled forklifts that usually run on electricity. They are designed for pallet storage, and can lift loads up to a height of 40 feet. If you are looking to lift and unload weights quickly over long distances, reach truck is not the one for you. Order Selector: These are very narrow-aisled trucks that are useful for moving racked loads which are smaller than the pallet size. They can lift both the load as well as the truck operator to a height of 40 feet. Motorized Pallet Trucks: These trucks are also known as walkies, riders or walkie riders. These vehicles derive their names from the fact that the operator does not have to sit inside the vehicle to operate it. In fact, he walks along the side of the truck as it moves the load. Swing Mast Trucks: These are vehicles with a narrow aisle. They are similar in appearance to standard trucks. However, their masts can swing up to 90 degrees in one direction only. Turret Trucks: Turret trucks also have very a narrow aisle. Like the order selector, they can lift both the load as well as the operator. However, in addition to that, turret trucks can swing the forks 90 degrees on either side. Based on whether gas or electricity is used to run the forklifts, there are two types of forklifts: Internal Combustion Forklifts: These vehicles run on gas, liquid propane, diesel or CNG (compressed natural gas). Although the forklifts that run on liquid propane can be used indoors, the gas-run forklifts are meant to be mainly used outdoors as they emit pollutants, and also can work even when it is raining. They can lift weights that range between 15,000 to 35,000 pounds. These vehicles cost less than the electric-run forklifts. However, effectively they are more expensive to use than the electric forklifts due to the fuel and maintenance costs. Electric Forklifts: These run on batteries that need to be charged electrically. As they do not burn any fuel, there are no polluting emissions from these vehicles. Due to this reason, these are more suitable to be used indoors than the internal combustion forklifts. Also, these are quieter and do not require fuel storage units. However, they can't lift loads greater than 15,000 pounds, and have a slower acceleration than the those that run on gas. These two different types have different advantages and disadvantages, people can choose them according to different occasions. Gasoline or propane forklifts are sometimes stronger or faster than electric forklifts, but they are more difficult to maintain, and fuel can be costly. Electric forklifts are great for warehouse use because they do not give off noxious fumes like gas powered machines do. Forklifts have made moving heavy loads very easy and quick for us. However, as is the case with other vehicles, forklift accidents are also common. There are certain safety rules that need to be followed, the most important of which is recruiting a trained operator. Whether you called them jitneys, forklifts or lift trucks, powered industrial trucks are as widely used as your debit card. It seems everywhere you looked these days. Lift trucks are unloading trailers at department stores, tiering product in a warehouse, or loading material at a construction site. Powered industrial trucks are also moving lumber in a sawmill and dropping stock in a grocery store aisle. With over one million lift trucks in operation today, emphasis must be placed on both worker and pedestrian safety. Therefore, the lift truck operators and other affected employees must get the professional training about the operation fork truck and have a good understanding of the safety and health regulations of lift trucks. It is important for forklift operators to follow all safety precautions when using a forklift. Drivers should be careful not to exceed the forklift's weight capacity. Forklift operators also need to be able to handle forklift's rear wheel steering. Driving a forklift is similar to driving a car in reverse, meaning that the driver must constantly steer to keep it moving in a straight line. The driver must be aware of the forklift's ever-changing center of gravity and avoid making any quick sharp turns or going too fast. It is advisable that anyone who operates a forklift be fully trained and licensed. And then about the working environment, ensure that workplace safety inspections are routinely conducted by a person who can identify hazards and conditions that are dangerous to workers .e.g. obstructions in the aisle, blind corners and intersections, and forklifts that come too close to workers on foot .Install the workstations, control panel, and equipment away from the aisle when possible. Do not store bins, racks, or other materials at corners, intersections, or other locations that obstruct the view of operators or workers at workstations. Enforce safe driving practices such as obeying speed limits stopping at stop signs, and slowing down and blowing the horn at intersections. Repair and maintain cracks, crumbling edges, and other defects on loading docks, aisles, and other operating surfaces. With the development of globalization, our industries are recognized by many other countries. However the industries of forklifts still have many problems, we need to find out some strategies to figure out these problems and make our forklifts recognized by the world. We can see that the companies are facing the all round competition with the intercultural companies in forklift industries. These competitions not only lie on the products but also the talents and the ability to invent. Therefore, it is a must for our companies to enter the international market. Through the former experience, there are four tackles we need to solve when we enter the world. First is certification, whether our forklifts are recognized by the ISOC is a difficult question. Only we get the EC certification, can we be known by the European countries and the united states. It is the key point for our export. The second is quality. The international market demand higher on quality than our national market. If the quality of our products can not pass the standard of the world, our forklifts are difficult to be receipted by the international customers. And the problems caused by quality also can destroy the reputation of companies, and affects the exports. The third is the services. The companies should keep continuing after services after the selling. The time and quality are also some questions customers considering in the purchasing. Now some companies and districts have also built a complete system for providing after services in our countries, which makes a better foundation for sustaining development. The fourth is intellectual property. The international market especially the developed countries have a strict system for protecting property. For example, in the united states, if a product is against the regulation of the intellectual property, the International Committee of the United States will distribute general orders and all related products will be excluded out of the American market. In order to gain a firm foot hood in the international market, some companies are trying to invent some better products and have got some achievements. Once be accepted by the international market, the exports and earnings of the forklifts manufacturing will maintain a rapid sustain growth. Forklifts have revolutionized warehouse work. They made it possible for one person to move thousands of pounds at once. Well-maintained and safely operated forklifts make lifting and transporting cargo infinitely easier. We need to make better use of it. And get better understanding of forklifts and notice the safety when using forklift trucks, and try to manufacture products of high quality to enter the international market. Only have a basic knowledge of the forklifts and the rules of the international market, can we get some achievements and reach our goals. 7 叉车 随着经济的发展，我国的装备制造业也得到了快速发展，叉车在物流运输中起着越来越重要的作用，为了更好的利用和发展叉车制造业，使得我国的叉车能够走向国际，我们应该全面的掌握叉车的基本知识，以及它的使用注意事项，同时也要找出我国叉车走向国际的策略。本文将着重从这三个方面介绍叉车。 叉车（又称叉架起货机，又名鏟車，推高機）是指企业内对成件托盘货物进行装卸、堆垛和短距离运输作业的各种轮式搬运车辆。国际标准化组织ISO/TC110称为工业车辆。叉车的发展于1920年代，今天在生产和仓储运营过程中它已成为不可或缺的设备。 叉车是用于叉取、搬运、堆垛等作业的一种工程车辆。它体积小、重量轻、结构紧凑操作灵活,可以在工作场地狭小的空间作业。工业搬运车辆广泛应用于港口、车站、机场、货场、工厂车间、仓库、流通中心和配送中心等，并可进入船舱、车厢和集装箱内进行托盘货物的装卸、搬运作业。是托盘运输、集装箱运输必不可少的设备。 叉车在企业的物流系统中扮演着非常重要的角色，是物料搬运设备中的主力军。广泛应用于车站、港口、机场、工厂、仓库等国民经济各部门，是机械化装卸、堆垛和短距离运输的高效设备。叉车的历史发展久远，自行式叉车出现于1917年。第二次世界大战期间，叉车得到发展。世界叉车的发展追溯到早期发现十九世纪，直至今天的现代叉车。在1906年宾夕法尼亚州火车站推出行李平台车电池用于搬运行李。第一次世界大战出现了不同的材料的设备机这是由英国Ransome ，Sims和伊普斯维奇杰弗里斯发明的。产生这些的部分原因是由于战争造成劳工短缺。美国的克拉克在1917年开始在他们的工厂开发和使用马力拖拉机和供电拖拉机。 1919年，Towmotor公司及耶鲁汤制造业在1920年进入了美国叉车市场。叉车的使用继续发展和扩大一直持续到20世纪20年代和30年代。二战像第一次世界大战一样，刺激了叉车用在战争的作用。战后，更有效的存储仓库物品的方法正在运行。 仓库需要更有效的机动叉车以便适应更高的高度运输。因此新的叉车品种被发明制造出来以适应这一需求。在1956年日本的丰田推出它的第一个叉车模型, 并于1967年在美国售出第一辆叉车。而中国从20世纪50年代初开始制造叉车。特别是随着中国经济的快速发展，大部分企业的物料搬运已经脱离了原始的人工搬运，取而代之的是以叉车为主的机械化搬运。因此，在过去的几年中，中国叉车市场的需求量每年都以两位数的速度增长。 随着经济以及叉车制造也的发展，根据不同的市场需求，社会上出现了各种模式的叉车。叉车的品种繁多，根据叉车的结构可以讲叉车分为一下种类： 标准形叉车卡车：这是大的，坚固的叉车，是在仓库使用。标准的叉车可以举起的重量是3000至4000磅。它的货架可以举起货物至20英尺高的高度。 到达形叉车：这是一种通过电力发动的叉车，他们是用于托盘搬运的，可以提升货物至40英尺的高度，他不适合用于长途搬运卸载货物。 选择性叉车;这种类型的叉车适用于搬运小型货物，它可以同时将货物和机舱提成至40英尺的高度。 电动托盘车：这种车因为其操作系统得名而来。驾驶员可以不用坐在驾驶室里操纵叉车，只需站在车旁指挥车的装卸。 摆动型大型叉车：这种车和普通的大型卡车类似，但是她的门架可以在同一方向摆动至90度。 塔车：这种车和选择型车型类似，可以将货物提升至很高的高度，但是她的伸缩臂可以在任意方向神说至90度。 根据叉车是使用气题还电力来发动，可以讲其分为两类： 内燃叉车：一般采用柴油、汽油、液化石油气或天然气发动机作为动力，载荷能力 1.2～8.0吨，作业通道宽度一般为3.5～5.0米，考虑到尾气排放和噪音问题，通常用在室外、车间或其他对尾气排放和噪音没有特殊要求的场所。由于 燃料补充方便，因此可实现长时间的连续作业，而且能胜任在恶劣的环境下（如雨天）工作。但是考虑到气的费用，内燃叉车一般比电动叉车费用更高。 以电动机为动力，蓄电池为能源。承载能力 1.0～4.8吨，作业通道宽度一般为3.5～5.0米。由于没有污染、噪音小，因此广泛应用于对环境要求较高的工况，如医药、食品等行业。由于每个电池一般在工作约8小时后需要充电，因此对于多班制的工况需要配备备用电池。同时由于没有污染，因此是室内等的搬运的最佳选择。 这两种车型各有利弊，可以根据场地，费用等来自行选择。 叉车使得我们搬运货物变得非常简单容易，但是像其他车辆一样，叉车事故也是很常见的，因此，必须要遵守一定的规章制度，其中最重要的是需要聘用一个经过训练的驾驶员。不管你脚踏叉车，铲车还是起重机，这种大型搬运机已经像我们的信用卡一样被广泛应用与我们日常生活中，生活中随处可见。叉车用于叉取、搬运、堆垛等作业。鉴于社会上100万的叉车使用量，叉车的使用安全需要再次被强调。因此，叉车驾驶员以及其他的工作人员都需要对叉车以及安全知识有一个全面的了解，同时要熟悉各项规章制度。驾驶员应该注意叉车的装载量，不应超载。驾驶叉车与驾驶一辆在玩到行驶的车一样，需要非常的灵活同时又要做到稳重。驾驶员需要经过训练同时执有执照才可以上岗。其次，关于工作环境，工作车间需要有一定的工作人员来观察和调查周围的危险排除障碍。比如一些道路上的拦路虎，盲区的细节。不要将一些棒棍子等放在妨碍驾驶员和工作人员的角落里。总之，驾驶与运行叉车都需要十分的小心和谨慎，每一个细节都很重要。 经济全球化的到来加速了我国走出去的步伐，制造业在出口的比重也越来也重要，然而我国的叉车在世界范围内的竞争力仍然比较薄弱，因此，我们应该提出相应的策略，来推动叉车的发展，以便走向国际。 可以看到, 国内叉车企业正面临与跨国叉车巨头们的全方位竞争 不仅仅是产品, 还包括资金研发能力管理理念和人才培养等 因此,开拓国际市场, 对本土叉车公司来说, 已经是必走之途 但是从以往的经验来看, 国内叉车企业的产品要 想打人国际市场, 必须突破以下四个关口: 一是认证关我国叉车产品能否获得有关国际标准认证是出口的一大难关其中EC 认证标志是被允许进人欧盟市场销售的通行证EC 认证是用以证实该产品已经通过了相应的合格评定程序或制造 商的合格标志性声明,无论在欧洲美国日本或其他国家都能获得很好的出口效应,取得相关国家的认证是影响叉车产品进人这些市场的关键。二是质量关 国际市场对产品质量的要求比国内市场高如果产品质量不能达到国际通行的标准, 就很难被国外客户接受，而由产品质量导致的问题会损害害企业的声誉, 使出口业务受到影响 国内企业通常采用的方式是出口产品使用国外进口的关键零部件同时提升企业自主研发的能力国产化率的提高能够大大降低产品成本. 三是服务关叉车在销售之后,通常还保持持续的售后服务, 服务的及时性和品质也是影响客户购买的重要因素现在看来,通过当地的代理商进行售后服务是国际上比较通行的做法 目前, 我国已经有部分企业在主要国家和地区市场上建立了比较完善的售后服务网络, 为持续发展打下了良好的基础。四是知识产权关 国际市场尤其是发达国家市场对于知识产权的保护非常严格 例如在美国, 如果某一个产品侵犯美国诉方的知识产权,致使美国国际委员会发布普遍排除令,那么与之相关的所有企业都将会被排除在美国市场之外。为了在国际市场站稳脚跟, 许多国内企业都正在加快自主知识产权产品的研发工作, 并且取得了一定的成效不过,一旦产品能够被国际市场所接受, 那么在此后一段时期内, 叉车企业的出口收人以及利润都将会保持快速增长。 叉车使得我们人类能够一次负重几千磅重物的愿望有了实现的可能。因此，我们人类应该充分利用它来为我们的生活经济发展做出贡献。只有对叉车充分的了解，对叉车使用安全知识的掌握才能使我们更好的运行它。同时，在经济全球化的大趋势下，只有了解国际形势，制订出相应的应变策略，我们的叉车制造业才能在国际市场站稳脚跟。