犁式除雪车除雪装置设计-扫雪机【含6张cad图纸+文档全套资料】

喜欢就充值下载吧。。资源目录里展示的文件全都有，，请放心下载，，有疑问咨询QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜欢就充值下载吧。。资源目录里展示的文件全都有，，请放心下载，，有疑问咨询QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告 论文(设计)题目 犁式除雪车除雪装置设计 作者所在系别 机电工程学院 作者所在专业 车辆工程 作者所在班级 B13141 作 者 姓 名 罗辉 作 者 学 号 201322273 指导教师姓名 刘志强 指导教师职称 讲师 完 成 时 间 2017 年 3 月 北华航天工业学院教务处制 说 明 1．根据学校《毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定》，学生必须撰写《毕业设计（论文）开题报告》。开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 2．开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业教研室论证审查后生效。开题报告不合格者需重做。 3．毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。 4．开题报告中除最后一页外均由学生填写，填写各栏目时可根据内容另加附页。 5．阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上（土建类专业文献篇数可酌减），其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。 6．参考文献的书写应遵循毕业设计（论文）撰写规范要求。 7．开题报告应与文献综述、一篇外文译文和外文原文复印件同时提交，文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求，字数在2000字左右。 毕业设计(论文)开题报告 学生姓名 罗辉 专 业 车辆工程 班 级 B13141 指导教师姓名 刘志强 职 称 讲师 工作单位 北华航天工业学院 课题来源 教师自拟课题 课题性质 应用设计 课题名称 犁式铲雪车除雪装置设计 本设计的科学依据 （科学意义和应用前景，国内外研究概况，目前技术现状、水平和发展趋势等） 一、专用汽车的一般概念 人类主要在陆地上从事生产和生活，任何移动性较大的陆上运输和专项作业都离不开使用可靠的汽车来实现。因此特殊用途的汽车随之出现，并越来越广泛的深入到社会的各行、各业、各个方面。世界对于专用汽车没有一般标准，对于其理解也有所差别。我国“专用汽车”相关标准为1998年执行的ZB/T17305-2009。规定装有专用设备、具备装用功能、用于承担专用运输任务或专项作业以及其他专门用途的汽车。 二、专用汽车的设计理念 1、运输成本、运输效率、作业损耗 专用汽车是充分发挥汽车的运输能力、提高实载率、降低运输成本的有效工具。据统计，在建筑作业中使用混凝土车泵送施工，一般能降低施工费用20%-30%，缩短工时30%-35%，节约劳动力约41%。 2、 减小货损货差，保证运输质量 货物的性质和物理状态差别比较大，若采用普通载货汽车运输，其中有一些货物在运输中发生腐烂和变质，有些货物易损和流失。据联合国粮食组估计，目前世界各国农牧业每年生产食品30多亿吨，其中腐食品占⅓，这些食品在流通中易腐烂变质，不能食用的就有2-3亿吨。 3、 提高经济效益 以粉粒物料的散装运输汽车的开发为例，每运输100万吨水泥可节约纸袋6000t，不仅节约了造纸原料和能源，还节约了近40万人的劳动力。 综上所述，专业汽车的设计开发要满足设计需要，在满足特定条件下，完成各项作业要求，满足经济发展的需要，有效发挥汽车在生产生活中的作用。 三、 国外专用汽车的发展概况 1、 多品种，小批量。这是世界专用汽车生产厂家的一个主要特点。 2、 厂家多、规模小、生产率高。美英德日各国专用汽车生产厂都在六七百家以上。 3、 技术人员多，产品开发和市场开发能力强。开发技术人员占总工作人员数的30%到50%；新品开发周期短。 4、 专用汽车零部件和装置总成专业化生产。 5、 高速公路专用车向重型化、高速化、高技术化发展；城市专用汽车向轻型化方向发展。 设计内容和预期成果 （具体设计内容和重点解决的技术问题、预期成果和提供的形式） 一、犁式除雪车内容 1、设计一辆犁式除雪车，适合于日常生活； 2、设计犁刀除雪装置，要求适用于常规除雪车主车，并满足于一般情况下的除雪任务。 3、设计计算选择除雪车主体功率满足设计要求，符合功率、最大爬坡度要求。 二、预期成果 1、机械结构部分 1）设计目标： 根据产品设计要求，完整地设计出装配图一套、零件图若干，设计出的产品能应用于实际生产中。 2）设计要求：系统地说明设计过程中问题的解决（确定传动和结构方案及零件材料的选择）及全部计算。计算内容应包括有关计算简图，如主要参数的选择及设计与校核、传动方案简图、相关零件的结构简图、零件的受力分析图、弯矩和扭矩图等。 3）计算过程完整有序，计算结果正确清晰，文字说明简明通顺。计算过程只需列出已知条件、计算公式，将有关数据代入公式，省略计算过程，直接写出计算结果。将计算结果整理后，写入右边栏内，并注明此结果是否“合用”或“安全”等结论。 4）任务完成验收时提供材料：设计说明书一份，总装配图2张、零件图若干。 2、电路部分 电路设计部分，以单片机为例，要求提供以下设计资料，并装订成册： 1）装置结构图 2）单片机硬件电路 3）完整的程序资料，包括程序流程图、程序代码及注解 4)所用器件、元件的明细表 5)操作原理简要说明 拟采取设计方法和技术支持 （设计方案、技术要求、实验方法和步骤、可能遇到的问题和解决办法等） 一、 设计方法 查阅资料，设计电控悬架系统的参数并运用caxa、solidworks画出产品的零件图和装配图。用caxa画出单片机硬件电路图、装置结构图和程序流程图，采用visual c6.0++编写程序。 二、 技术要求 通过电控空气悬架可以实现车身高度调整、阻尼力控制、弹性系数控制等功能。 三、 可能遇到的问题 若编写单片机程序不正确，可以请教老师； 若装配图有问题，可以查阅资料或请教同学； 实现本项目已具备的条件 （包括过去学习、研究工作基础，现有主要仪器设备、设计环境及协作条件等） 汽车设计参数可参考相关书籍自己拟定 各环节拟定阶段性工作进度 (以周为单位) 1-4周 完成开题报告 5-6周 查阅资料，确定设计方案 7-8周 计算所需参数 9-10周 画出各个零件图和装配图 11-12周 画出单片机硬件电路并编写程序 13-14周 细节工作，准备答辩 开 题 报 告 审 定 纪 要 时 间 地点 主持人 参 会 教 师 姓 名 职 务（职 称） 姓 名 职 务（职 称） 论 证 情 况 摘 要 记录人： 指 导 教 师 意 见 指导教师签名： 年 月 日 教 研 室 意 见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日 第 3 页 共4页 北华航天工业学院毕业设计外文翻译 北华航天工业学院 本科毕业论文外文资料翻译 设计 (论文)题目 犁式除雪车除雪装置设计 作者所在系别 机电工程学院 作者所在专业 车辆工程 作者所在班级 B13141 作 者 姓 名 罗辉 作 者 学 号 201322273 指导教师姓名 刘志强 指导教师职称 讲师 完 成 时 间 2017 年 3 月 北华航天工业学院教务处制 History Of The Snowblower So who did invent the snowblower or snowthrower? We need to begin by qualifying that question since there are a number of answers depending on your interest. Some notable firsts would be: ●The first machine to clear snow by throwing or blowing it ●The first fully mobile snow clearing machine? ●The first domestic walk-behind snow blower The latter is the one people generally think of and have the most interest in. It is also the one that has the most elusive answer. Chapter 1 So where did it all begin? Looking back in time we need to consider where would there be a need to remove snow while having a source of power available? The need and the enabling power were found on the railways of the U.S. snowbelt and in Canada. The earliest documented art belongs to a Toronto dentist known as J/W Elliot. His 1869 patent #390 design was never built. The story next takes us to Orangeville Ontario, Canada where we find Orange Jull, a gristmill operator and inventor. In 1884 he applied for a patent and was subsequently granted patent #18506. Jull did not have the means to build and commercialize his invention so he contracted the local Leslie brothers to build the machines. The Jull/Leslie machines were self powered but not self propelled. A locomotive was used to move the machine. The Jull design consisted of 2 large inline fans rotating in opposite directions. The lead fan chewed into and pulverized the snow while blowing it back into the discharge fan, which propelled it into the sky. Due to clogging problems it was simplified to a single fan. Further changes to effectively control the discharge were made including a movable deflector and pitching impeller blades. Production was moved to the Cook locomotive works in several locations. Additional machines were built under license. Finally 5 machines were "home built" by end users with the last one finished in 1971. In all 146 were built. Later work consisted of fortifying the design to deal with the hazards of the unknown. Tracks were often blocked with fallen trees and other debris that were concealed in the snow. Legend has it that in one case a herd of cattle were trapped and buried under the snow on the rail bed. As the rotary snowplow progressed forward beefsteaks were flying. They remained in production into the 1950s and a few are still in service today. Many survive as museum pieces with an occasional demonstration. Following his collaboration with the Leslie Brothers Orange Jull went on to create a next generation machine. This design utilized a screw auger to collect the snow. It was not as effective, especially in deep snow and only eleven were ever built. Sadly all have been scrapped. All of the available photos and drawings of these machines are on enthusiasts sites where they are best viewed.. A Google search using Jull snowblower as keywords will deliver hours of reading and nostalgia. On You-tube you may be able to find " The Return of Rotary #1 ". A search for "rotary snowplow" found this video. Chapter 2 Our next installment finds Arthur Sicard, circa 1894, an 18 year old working on the family dairy farm in Saint-Leonard-de-Port-Maurice, Quebec. Snowstorms being frequent and dairy products being perishable motivated him to find a better snow removal means. Motivation found inspiration one day when he saw a new piece of farm machinery called the thresher. If this machine could gather grain perhaps he could use the design to gather and move snow. It wasn't long before he had built and tested his first prototype however it bogged down in snow. His notion was dismissed by those around him and he went on unsupported in his pursuit. He went on to make a life for himself in Montreal until finally in 1925, 31 years later he astonished the people of that city with his "Sicard Snow Remover Snowblower". The first sale was to the nearby town of Outremont, in 1927. The Sicard name has been synonymous with large snowblowers ever since. My hometown had a Sicard unit mounted to an old Michigan front end loader for several decades. Chapter 3 The curious question then becomes when did the walk behind domestic snowblower emerge? The Toro website makes the claim that Toro introduced the first snowthrower, the Snowhound in 1951. Ariens entered snow moving the market in 1952 with an attachment for it's Yardster series. The Ariens Sno-Thro series was launched in 1960. Simplicty followed in 1962. The earliest confirmed Gilson dates back to 1966. Meanwhile dozens of others launched product lines.This of course is in the context of domestic walk-behind units. If you have an early machine I'd appreciate a picture and brief story. Of all of the archival material I have amassed nothing points to an earlier machine. The 1951 Toro was not the driveway behemoth than many of us use today as can be seen in the photo. In my Vintage Machine Showcase you can get a sense of the diversity found in the early machines and a search of patents will reveal even more radical designs. Machines of modern proportions began to emerge in the 1960's. The small-scale brands slowly disappeared and most were gone by the 1980s. The Gilson snow blower line launched in 1966. The full sized gear drives continued to evolve through the decade and with the introduction of the Unitrol machines in 1970 Gilson had 2 full size formats that evolved into the 1980s. The small Gilson single stage models were discontinued after the 1970 model year. Just as the small scale models were fading away the industry was turned on it's head with the introduction of "personal sized" 2 stroke machines. The models were easy to handle, store and pay for. They pack enough power to handle a significant storm if you are patient enough to let it eat the elephant one bite at a time. Gilson was an early player with some patent action and the Snow-Cannon was a hit. Horsepower grew over the years. Early machines were in the 3-4 horsepower range. In 1970 8HP was the big machine. By 1980 most brands included a 10 or even 11 HP machine. Today 13 HP models easy to find. The 21st century brought power accessories. Manufacturers are offering heated handles, motorized chute rotators and you can find machines that have onboard battery power to allow electric starting when away from household power. While engine powered lighting is nothing new it is becoming far more common. The other big story is consolidation. Where there used to be scores of suppliers there are now essentially 7. Promotional grade machines (I'm being kind here) are made by MTD, Murray and AYP. Quality machine are built by Simplicity, Ariens, Toro and Honda. Virtually any machine you can find on the market, regardless of the brand is from one of these sources. The exceptions as small players such as attachments for BCS tillers. The age of the mass merchandiser has forced everyone to slash cost in pursuit of market share. The quality brands often sell machines in several tiers with one targeted at the promotional grade competition. What do the coming decades hold for snowblower users? The market moves slowly. While nearly every homeowner owns a lawn mower the snowblower market is confined to the snowbelt region and many property owners choose not to own such a machine. That being said it is a small piece of the pie that has a hard time attracting R&D money. The basic concepts have been quite stable for along time. Ecology has been a big driver of engine refinements and this is likely to continue. Much of the recent work has been value engineering with most of the benefit going to the manufacturers. The brute strength built into the machines of yesteryear is gone forever. We can only hope that future machines will not be overburdened with fragile accessories. Other than that we will all have to wait and see what blows in the future. Chapter 4 Each year, countries will spend huge cost to snow removal operations.There are recent studies that focus on beneficiaries’ awareness for the service level of snow removal to find a solution for cost reduction. From this viewpoint, issues including the demand for snow removal, residents’ willingness to pay and residents’ satisfaction levels for snow removal have been discussed. Most of these studies on snow removal addressed economic benefits, or used questionnaire surveys to address public involvement or customer satisfaction. Very few in-depth studies have addressed the cost structure of snow removal by the Japanese government. As for the cost reduction efforts for infrastructure management including snow removal in the U.S.A. and other countries, Baroga, E.V. proposed to measure performance -based service levels to use it for budget and resource allocations; and Lindsey, R.K.et al. focused work conditions including geography and climate that are different by work site to realize efficient resource allocation for snow removal. Other than those for snow removal, efforts including the bridge management system have been made to optimize budget allocation for infrastructure management. However, there seem to be few studies on a model that enables efficient snow removal budget and resource allocations on the basis of cost structure analyses as well as of inter-regional comparisons of the time-series data of snow removal costs. Out of Japan’s total road length of 1.2 mil. km (744 thou. miles), municipal roads account for about 84%. The length of national roads under the direct control of the national government accounts for a mere 1.9% of the total. The length of roads in the cold, snowy areas that account for about 60% of Japan’s land area is about 41.6 thou. km (25.79 thou. miles). The national government fully finances snow removal for national highways, including expressways, and partially subsidizes snow removal for national highways under the control of prefectures and prefectural roads in areas designated as snowy and cold by The national government covers snow removal costs for nationally managed national highways. The national government subsidizes snow removal costs for prefecturally managed national highways and prefectural roads in areas designated as snowy and cold by . The law states that the national government shall subsidize prefectures for two thirds of the cost of snow removal, with the prefecture covering the remaining third. At present, the national government’s subsidy for roads in areas that are designated as snowy and cold by the law amunts to about 70 billion yen ($583 million ($1/ ¥120), FY 2007). National revenues for this subsidy include those from the national gas tax, the automobile tonnage tax and the automobile acquisition tax. Those revenues, whose disbursement is limited to road-related projects, amount to about 5.6 trillion yen ($47 billion, FY 2007).   Each prefecture’s snow removal costs are financed from the prefectural general account and the prefectural special account. The revenue sources for the prefectural special account includes the light oil wholesale tax, whose disbursement is limited to road-related projects.And the key to reduce snow removal costs is snow sweeper on the development and production and human resource saving. Chapter 5 Let's take a look at each country different snow blowers. (1) schmidt CJS Super Ⅱ compact tractor. The machine on skis, roller and snow blower can work alone or at the same time, roller length is 4200 mm, roller diameter of 914 mm, high-performance gas flow rate of 530 m3 / h, the snow blower adopts hydraulic drive, blowing snow speed can be adjusted, and it is mainly used for snow removal of airport runway, taxiway and parking apron. Its compact design, high flexibility, excellent performance, high reliability, schmidt is one of the largest equipment ownership in China. The machine USES 4 x4 overloaded trucks, chassis after appropriate modification, to install snow equipment. A separate engine used to drive hydraulic pump control rolling brush and high-pressure blower, driven by the chassis engine hydraulic circuit used to push the skis operation, roller between before and after the truck bridge, roller powered by two hydraulic motor, by hydraulic cylinder pushing skis swinging and ascend. Roller is suspended under the table, make its can adjust Angle in the horizontal direction in order to adapt to the change of clean the road. Roller is working from two free to support roller bearing. High pressure blower by auxiliary engine driven hydraulic pump, driven by a hydraulic motor, air volume according to different power is divided into two levels. Blower is located in the rear, used in dry be swept pavement or away the remaining cx. Blower under driving condition, back and side not highlight parts, so as to avoid risk while backing out. When using the CJS is cleared when the airport pavement snow, often need to install the skis, MS56.1 and push type MS64.1 airport skis are suitable for the machine of snow removal operations at the airport. (2) wave male company able to provide a complete line of laminated push the snow shovel, the car can be installed in various types of chassis, winter snow removal operations for a variety of occasions. The automatic collision avoidance height is 150 mm, push the snow shovel suspension adopts hydraulic control, ensure the snow removal more clean and effective; Patented high pressure hydraulic control valve can avoid because of the snow shovel side collision damage caused by the. Wave MF push the snow shovel male the company are controlled by the "Vpad" operating system. Male company dedicated to the airport and the width of the highway design and manufacturing. (3) The House Card H series, multi-purpose snow sweeper to hao and H series models based on design and manufacture, the snow sweeper can be hung in front of all kinds of snow blower, snow, and snow brush, the vehicle cab design highlights the safety and comfort of the driver. Snow and pull (Sno - way) throw snow machine adopts B/S engine, move, Yang xue suction, throw the snow Yang can reach 3 ~ 15 m, can automatically walk, backward; The improved type steel hollow out hob has a big mouth, into the snow in improving work efficiency and reduce the fuel consumption; Increase the acupoint redirector, easily toggle can complete turn; Multiple block transform, speed can be adjusted forward or backward. Applicable Yu Daxue, blizzard when opened up a road, as well as the heaps of snow loading pickup, suitable for state organs and units, schools, parking lot, square, property management community, garden and winter snow removal of non-motor vehicle lanes etc. (4) the Zoomlion ZLJ5250TCXZE3 / ZLJ5251 TCXZE4 multi-functional snow sweeper is a collection of snow, the snow, solid, prewetting cloth and cloth, scraping ice and other functions in a body's comprehensive snow sweeper. With large power and high efficiency, Hunan and GuiZhou mountainous area highway in early 2011 in the fight against snow disaster played a huge role in work. Which USES push before and after, the operation mode, solved the problem of the snow removal after freezes again. Spraying machine control system adopts the closed loop ratio control, and high accuracy, high reliability and convenient operation. Adopt multi-function integrated design, installation at the front have push the snow shovel, rolling, options to improve the working efficiency of snow removal; Equipped with central in addition to ice skate, can wipe out the compacted snow and ice road. With a large cloth, profile options wings shovel, which can realize the highway fast and efficient in addition to the snow and ice. Road snow blocking will bring a great deal of trouble and loss, snow removal vehicles is an effective countermeasure for this bad situation, however, snow sweeper is the development of future life development could not drink the lack of necessary conditions.扫雪机的历史及概况 所以谁发明了扫雪机？我们需要开始的排位赛，因为有许多问题的答案取决于你的兴趣。一些值得注意的第一次是： ●第一台通过投掷或吹雪清除雪的机器 ●什么是第一个完全移动清理雪的机器? ●第一个国内手动除雪机 后者通常是人们最感兴趣的一个，但是也是最难回答的一个。 第1章 那么这一切在哪里开始?回首往事时我们需要考虑在哪里有需要清除雪虽然有一个电源可用?这种需要和力量在美国多雪地带和在加拿大的铁路被发现。最早的记载艺术属于一个叫J / W埃利奥特的多伦多牙医。他1869年专利390号设计从来没有建造。 接下来的故事发生在加拿大，奥兰治维尔安大略，是发现Orange Jull的地方。Orange Jull是磨坊的操作员和发明者。1884年他申请了专利，随后被授予专利18506号。Jull没有建立和推广他的发明，他承包了当地的莱斯利兄弟建造机器的装置。 Jull/莱斯利机器可以自行供电但是却不能自己行走。所以利用火车头来移动机器。Jull设计有两大内联风扇在相反的方向旋转。风扇将雪粉碎成沫，再经由排风扇将其吹向天空。由于堵塞问题，所以将风扇简化成单扇。为了有效地控制放电，将其进一步改变成一个可移动的偏转和俯仰叶轮叶片。产品被转移到几个做机车厂的地方。额外的机器是建立在许可证下。最后5台“家庭建设”是在1971年通过最终用户的最后一个完成的。一共共建造146台机器。 接下来的工作是设计处理未知的危险。通常是阻止倒下的树木和其他隐藏在雪地里的碎片。传说，有一次牛群被困，埋在雪下的床身导轨。旋转扫雪机前进过程中，牛排是飞行的。它们一直生产到上个世纪50年代，有一些甚至用到了今天。还有一些偶尔展示在博物馆。 与莱斯利兄弟合作后Orange Jull继续创建了下一代机器。这次设计利用了螺旋钻来收集雪。但不是很有效，尤其是在积雪厚只有11厘米的地方，所以很遗憾的都被取消了。 在图纸爱好者网站上这些所有可用的图片和绘画是这些机器最好的归宿。在谷歌上输入Jull扫雪机的关键字，那么你将花费几个小时的时间阅读和怀旧。在You-tube上，你可以找到“扶轮1号的回归”相关话题，还可以搜索发现“旋转扫雪机”的视频。 第2章 大约在1894年，我们进一步的发现亚瑟西卡德，一个18岁在圣伦纳德的毛里斯港的家庭农场努力工作。暴风雪的频繁发生和奶制品的腐烂使他找到了一个更好地除雪动力装置。 这个动机的灵感来自于，有一天他发现一个叫做脱粒机的农场机械。如果这种机器可以收集粮食，那么或许他可以利用这种设计来收集和清除雪。不久之后，他完成了他的第一个原型，并进行测试，然而机器却陷在雪里。他的观点没有被周围的人理解，他的追求人们并不支持。他独自一人前往蒙特利尔生活，一直到1925年，31年后，他发明的“西卡德除雪机”令那些城市的人感到惊讶。他第一次卖出扫雪机，是在1927年，卖到了附近的外山镇。 西卡德的名字因此成为了大型除雪机的代名词。我的家乡有一个西卡德机器安装到了旧密歇根，使用了几十年。 第3章 人们好奇的问题变成了国内可以行走的除雪机是什么时候发明的？托罗网站上说第一台行走扫雪机是托罗在1951年提出的。这种机器和其附件Yardster系列在1952年进入扫雪机市场。该产品的Sno-Thro系列在1960年问世。Simplicty也在1962年紧随其后生产出来。这最早的确认的Gilson产品要追溯到1966年。与此同时，其他许多公司也推出了生产线。这项发明当然是国内第一个行走单位。如果你有一个早期的机器，我可以欣赏它的图片和简短的故事。我积累了所有早期机器的档案资料。1951年托罗并不是我们今天看到的照片中的那样。 在我的古董机展示中，你可以了解发现早期机器和搜索多样性的专利，从而显示更加激进的设计。 现代机器的模型在20世纪60年代开始出现。小规模品牌慢慢消失，20世纪80年代之前的都成为了过去。Gilson除雪机成立于1966年，全尺寸齿轮驱动器通过十年的不断发展，在1970年引进Unitrol机器。20世纪80年代Gilson 2演变为全尺寸格式。小的Gilson单级模型在1970年停产。 小规模模型消失后，这个行业推出了“个人型号”的冲程机器。模型很容易处理，存储和支付。如果你有足够的耐心让它吃一头大象，他们就有足够的权利来处理强大的风暴。Gilson是一个早期的专利行动的球员也是雪炮的打击。 多年后马力增长。早期的机器是3-4的马力。1970年第8代惠普是大型机器。到1980年，包括第10代甚至第11代惠普机器在内的大多数品牌都已经出现。在今天，惠普13模型也很容易找到。 21世纪是电力配件。制造商提供加热处理，电槽转子，你可以找到机器主板电池，可以在远离家庭的时候启动。而发动机动力照明就不是什么新鲜事情了。 另一个故事是整理。那里曾经有许多供应商。促销级的机器是由MTD,Murray和AYP传达出来。质量好的机器制造厂商有Simplicity，Ariens，Toro和Honda等。在市场上几乎任何种类的机器你都找的到，无论品牌是其中的哪一个。作为BCS分部的小型机例外。大量销售商的出现导致每家厂商不得不削减成本来追求市场份额。质量品牌通常出售几个层次机器在针对吸引各个级别的消费者来竞争得到更高的利益。 扫雪机用户的未来几十年将是什么样的呢？市场变换很慢。虽然几乎每家都拥有割草机的扫雪机市场，但扫雪机的使用仅限于多雪地区，许多业主选择不买这种机器。也就是说这是一小块蛋糕，很难吸引研发资金。随着时间的推移，基本概念已经相当稳定。生态环境是一个强大的推动力，且会一直延续下去。最近大多工作已经被大多数工厂利益去制造有价值的工程。昔日的制造机器的蛮力已经一去不复返了，我们只能希望，未来的机器不会配置过多的脆弱零件。除此之外，我们都将等待，看看未来的打击。 第4章 有最近的研究，专注于受益人的要求，为达到预期水平的除雪服务而找到一个有效方案来降低成本。从这个角度出发，讨论了除雪需求、居民的支付意愿和居民对积雪消除的满意度等问题。 这些积雪去除的研究大多涉及经济效益，或使用问卷调查，以解决公众参与或客户满意度的问题。很少有深入的研究能够根本解决政府的除雪成本不足的问题。 对于基础设施管理，包括在美国和其他国家，包括巴罗加除雪的降低成本的努力，E.V.提出了用以衡量性能的除雪服务水平，使用它给出的预算和资源分配；除雪车满足的工作条件，包括地理和气候不同的工作场所，实现有效的资源分配用以有效除雪。除了那些除雪方案外，包括桥梁管理系统在内的努力，已为基础设施管理优化预算分配。然而，似乎有一些研究的模型，在高效的除雪预算和资源分配的成本结构分析的基础上，以跨区域比较消耗时间排列数据的方法来比较除雪成本。 日本的道路总长度约1.2万公里(744千英里),市政道路的长度约占84%。国家道路在中央政府直接控制下的仅占总数的1.9%。道路中长期处在寒冷,下雪地区的约占日本60%，其中的土地面积约为41.6万公里(25.79 万英里)。国民政府完全使用财政来为国家高速公路除雪,包括在高速公路、和部分补贴国家高速公路除雪的支持下县和县级公路地区、由国家政府规定为雪和寒冷覆盖的为由国家负责除雪的国家高速公路。国家地方政府补贴除雪成本管理国家高速公路。法律规定,国家政府补贴县除雪成本的三分之二,剩下由各个县自行负责。目前,国家政府补贴的道路所指定为雪和寒冷地区。据统计每年使用约700亿日圆(5.83亿美元(1美元/¥120),2007财政年度)的开支,国家收入补贴包括那些来自全国汽油税,汽车吨位税和汽车收购的税收,这些收入的支出仅限于road-related项目,金额约5.6万亿日圆(470亿美元,2007财年)每年。 每个县的除雪成本资金分为全州一般账户和全州特殊账户。地方专门账户的收入来源包括轻油批发税,其支出仅限于road-related项目。而消减除雪开支的关键就在于除雪车开发生产以及人力资源的节约上了。 第5章 让我们来看看各个国家的不同除雪车。 （1） 施密特CJS Super Ⅱ紧凑型扫雪车。该机的推雪板、滚刷和吹雪机可以单独或同时工作，滚刷长度4200mm，滚刷直径914mm，高性能吹雪机气流量530m3/h，采用液压驱动，吹雪速度可以任意调节，主要用于机场跑道、滑行道和停机坪的除雪。该车设计紧凑、灵活度高、性能优异、可靠性高，是施密特在中国保有量最大的设备之一。该机采用四驱重载卡车，底盘经过相应改装，以安装扫雪设备。一台独立的发动机用于驱动液压泵控制滚刷和高压鼓风机，由底盘发动机驱动的液压回路用来操作推雪板，滚刷位于卡车前后桥之间，滚刷由2台液压马达提供动力，通过液压缸实现推雪板的左右摆动和提升。滚刷被悬置在转盘下，使其可在水平方向调整角度以适应清扫路面的变化。滚刷工作时由2个自由转向支承轮支承。高压鼓风机由辅助发动机驱动液压泵，通过一个液压马达进行驱动，出风量按不同功率分为两级。鼓风机位于车辆后部，用于吹干被扫过的路面或吹去剩余残雪。鼓风机在行驶状态下，后部和侧面没有突出部件，从而避免倒车时的危险。当使用CJS清除机场路面积雪时，通常需要安装推雪板，MS56.1和MS64.1型机场推雪板均适合于该机的机场除雪作业。 （2） 瑞士波雄公司能够提供完整系列的多片式推雪