2019-2020年高考英语大一轮复习 单元知识汇总 Book 8 Unit 22 Environmental Protection 北师大版.doc

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2019-2020年高考英语大一轮复习 单元知识汇总 Book 8 Unit 22 Environmental Protection 北师大版 重点识记词汇 1.principle n.原则，道德准则 2.a number of一些 3.look ahead展望未来 4.relevant adj.有关的 5.refer v.指，意即→refer to指，意即 6.in turn依次；轮流 7.lead to导致；通向；引起 8.coincidence n.巧合 9.sacrifice vt.&vi.牺牲；献出 10.take action采取行动 11.recycle vt.回收利用 12.threaten vt.威胁 13.ahead of在……前面 14.apart from除……以外 15.answer for(对已产生的不良后果)负责任 16.seize vt.依法没收；(用武力)夺取 17.call for an end to sth.要求结束…… 18.or else否则，不然 19.wrap up包起来；席卷而去；结束 20.calculate vt.计算，算出 21.condemn vt.迫使(某人)陷入不幸的境地；谴责 22.for good永远 23.behalf n.代表→on one’s behalf代表某人；代表 24.carry off掠走，夺走 25.all in all总的来说 26.result in导致 27.means n.方法 28.earn one’s living谋生 29.potential n.可能性；潜在性 30.plug one’s ears塞住耳朵 31.reserve n.保护区；v.保护→reservation n.保护 32.adopt vt.采用 33.advocate vt.主张，提倡→advocation n.提倡 34.all the best祝一切顺利 35.changeable adj.多变的→change v.&n.变；改变 36.sum up总结，概括 37.construct vt.建造→construction n.建造 38.as a matter of fact实际上 39.finance n.资金→financial adj.财务的，金融的 40.sharpen vt.削尖→sharp adj.尖的 41.trap vt.使困住；n.陷阱，夹子→trap...into...陷入；卷入 42.separation n.分离，分开→separate adj.分开的；v.分离，分开 43.beyond prep.超出→beyond one’s control超出/不受……的控制 44.substitute n.代替品，代用品；v.替代→substitute...for...代替 45.break away from摆脱，脱离 (某种思想体系、团体、组织) 46.considerate adj.想得周到的，体贴的→consider vt.考虑→consideration n.考虑 必背经典句式 1.Without these naturally occurring gases，the sun’s rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on. 如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空去，地球将处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。 2.Given this data，it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 鉴于这些数据，好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅只是巧合而已。 3.The last few years have seen environmental disasters on a grand scale，and experts are predicting far worse to e. 近几年一些环境灾难大面积地出现，专家们预测更坏的局面即将来临。 构词记忆 　accuracy /′kjʊrəsI/n.[U]准确性/度；精密(性) efficiency /I′fIʃnsI/n.[U]效率；功效 emergency /I′mɜːdʒənsI/n.[C]&[U]紧急情况；突发事件；非常时刻 frequency /′frIːkwənsI/n.[C]&[U]出现率；发生率；频繁；频率 privacy /′praIvəsI/n.[U]隐私；私密 tendency /′tendənsI/n.[C]趋向；趋势 Ⅰ.词汇与派生 A．语境填词 1．It was such a coincidence(巧合) when Pat and Mike met each other in Macao. 2．After going to France he soon adopted(采用) the French way of life. 3．In this case，we should not be worried about our potential(潜在的) limitations. 4．They often use plastics as a substitute(替代品) for wood. 5．She seized(抓住) the child and pulled him back from the edge of the cliff. 6．The old man threatened(威胁) that he would make it public. 7．It was considerate(善解人意) of you not to play the piano while I was asleep. 8．The action has been widely condemned(谴责) by human rights groups. 9．The old man was trapped(困在) in the burning house at that moment. 10．I won’t sacrifice(牺牲) my family life for wealth. B．用所给词的适当形式填空 11．This afternoon I will call the restaurant and make a reservation(reserve)． 12．Many experts advocate (advocacy) rewarding your child for good behavior. 13．We don’t have enough finance (financial) to build another house. 14．Her moods are as changeable (change) as the weather. 15．A new building is being constructed (construction) now. Ⅱ.短语运用 A．用方框内所给动词短语的适当形式填空 look ahead，earn one’s living，refer to，wipe out，take action，answer for，substitute...for..., trap...into...，result in，sum up，lead to，wrap up 16．The police took action to deal with the riots(骚乱) immediately. 17．It was foolish of him to refer to his notes during that important test，and as a result，he got punished. 18．The murderer will have to answer for his crimes one day. 19．The young man made a promise to his parents that he would try to earn his living after graduation. 20．We substituted red balls for blue ones，to see if the baby would notice. 21．Drinking too much can lead to health problems. 22．He trapped me into admitting that I had done it. 23．When we design this plan，we should look ahead into the future. 24．Make sure the inside of the coffee pot is thoroughly wiped out. 25．In Beijing，one has to be wrapped up by warm clothes in winter. 26．This action will only result in a more disastrous defeat for them. 27．Can I just sum up what we’ve agreed so far? B．用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空 in turn，a number of，all in all，at risk，beyond...control，apart from，by this means, to some degree 28.All in all，her condition is greatly improved. 29．Language is the carrier of culture and in turn it’s influenced by culture. 30．Apart from making money，the pany aims to set high standards of quality and design. 31．By this means you will solve the problem soon. 32．But one major change was beyond the museum’s control. 33．A number of students in my class like English songs. 34．The disease is spreading，and all young children are at risk. 35．Your plan is good，but to some degree，it is not perfect. Ⅲ.经典句式 36．He left the room leaving the door unlocked. 他没有锁门就离开了房间。 37．Given the present condition，I think Ye Shiwei has done fairly well. 考虑到目前的情况， 我认为叶世伟已经做的相当好。 38．The last 30 years have witnessed/seen the rapid development of China. 过去30年见证了中国的快速发展。 1 [应试指导]　非谓语动词句法功能的考查 set/lay a trap for设下圈套 be caught in a trap＝fall into a trap落入陷阱 be trapped in 被困在…… trap sb.into doing...诱骗某人做…… She had set/laid a trap for him and he had walked straight into it. 她给他设下圈套，他就径直钻了进去。 She was trapped in the burning house at that moment. 那时她被困在燃烧着的房子里。 [夯实基础] 语法填空 (1)Were you just trying to trap her into making a mistaken decision? (2)Her mother Donna，was trapped(trap) in the destroyed building. (3)Mary set a trap for Peter and he really fell into the trap. (4)Trapped(trap) in a traffic jam，he had to be patient，waiting. 2 [应试指导]　作为高级词汇替换book reserve sth.for...为……保留某物 reserve the right to do sth.保留做某事的权利 in reserve备用 with/without reserve有(没有)保留地 reservation n.预订；(权利等的)保留 make a reservation预订，预约 Firstly，an effective way，I think，is to reserve water in a scientific way for future use. 首先，我认为一个有效的方法就是用科学的方法把水贮存起来以备将来使用。(福建书面表达) Do you have to reserve tickets in advance? 你需要提前订票吗？ [夯实基础] 语法填空 (1)Frankly speaking，I have little money in reserve. (2)She told me all about it without reserve. (3)I’d like to reserve a table for three or eight o’clock. (4)He went directly to the reserved(reserve) seat. 3 beyond sb.为某人所不能理解；超出某人的能力 beyond control/belief/doubt无法控制/无法相信/毫无疑问 beyond description/words无法言传 beyond one’s wildest dream(s)某人做梦也没想到 beyond one’s power是某人所不及的 beyond pare无可比拟；非常好 beyond reason毫无道理 Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged. 任何司机被发现醉酒驾驶将被罚款。 It’s beyond me why she wants to marry Jeff. 我无法理解她为什么要嫁给杰夫。 [夯实基础] 选词填空 prehension，reach，expression，control，recognition (1)The car was beyond control and ran into a tree. (2)I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed beyond recognition. (3)His behaviour was pletely beyond prehension. (4)You’d better put the bottle of medicine beyond the children’s reach. (5)To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me. 4 make a claim for/on/to要求…… claim to do...声称做…… claim one’s attention值得注意 He claimed that it was all a trick against him. 他声称这一切都是一场针对他的诡计。 [夯实基础] (1)语法填空 ①The scientist claimed to have invented(invent) a new kind of car. ②The victims in the accident made a claim for damages. (2)She claims that she is related to the Queen. She claims to be related to the Queen.(用含有不定式的简单句改写句子) 5 [应试指导]　作为高级词汇替换replace a substitute for...……的代替者 substitute A for B＝substitute B with/by A 用A代替B substitute for代替；取代 They were substituting violence for dialogue. 他们在用暴力取代对话。 She is seeking a substitute for the very man whose departure made her cry. 那个男人的离去令她伤心痛哭，她正在找一个人填补内心的空缺。 [词义辨析]　substitute，replace (1)这两个词的含义略有不同，substitute强调“代替，顶替”，而replace强调“替换，更换”，即把旧的或坏的东西更换成新的(通常用take the place of更通俗些)。 (2)在句型结构上，通常是：substitute A for B “用A代替B”(使用A)；replace A with/by B “用B替换A”(使用B)。 [夯实基础] (1)用substitute，replace的适当形式填空 ①The driver replaced the wornout tires with/by new ones. ②He substituted for the teacher who was in hospital. (2)语法填空 ①For sustainable development，I advocate we should substitute conventional energy with renewable energy. ②There’s no substitute for that watch. 6 [应试指导]　(1)by no means位于句首时倒装 (2)by all means交际用语的用法 by means of用……办法；借助…… by all means当然可以 by any means无论如何 by no means绝不，一点也不 Furthermore，punishment is by no means a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically. 而且，惩罚绝不是帮助他们身心健康成长的明智选择。(陕西书面表达) —Can I see it? —By all means. ——我可以看看吗？ ——当然可以。 [特别提醒] (1)means作主语且有every，each，one等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；有some，several，many，few等词修饰时谓语动词用复数。 (2)by no means放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。 [夯实基础] (1)选择方框内的短语填空 ①He succeeded by means of perseverance. ②—May I borrow your bicycle? —By all means. ③She is by no means an inexperienced teacher. (2)By no means is she an inexperienced teacher.(把上题句③改为倒装句) 7 [应试指导]　非谓语动词作定语或状语的考查 adopt an approach/a strategy/a policy采用某方法/战略/政策 adopted adj.被收养的；移居的 an adopted son养子 adoptive adj.(通常作定语)收养的 adapt vt.使适应；改造/编 Pupils should be helped to adopt a positive approach to the environment. 应帮助学生对环境采取积极的态度。 He couldn’t adapt his way of life to the pany. 他的生活方式无法适应公司的要求。 [夯实基础] (1)用adopt，adapt的适当形式填空 The young couple had no children of their own and adopted an orphan.After a few months，the child came to adapt to his new life. (2)语法填空 ①Having adopted(adopt) a new method，they worked more efficiently. ②They treated their adopted(adopt) son as their own son. 8 [应试指导]　(1)consider后接非谓语动词的考查　(2)写作高分句式：It is considered that...；sb.be considered＋不定式 considering prep.& conj.考虑到……；就……而言 consider v.仔细考虑；研讨 consider doing...考虑做…… consider sb./sth.(to be/as)...认为某人(物)…… all things considered总而言之；考虑到所有情况 consideration n.考虑；体谅,take sth.into consideration考虑到；顾及 Thank you for your consideration. 如果你能考虑一下我将非常感激。(浙江书面表达) It was very considerate of him to wait. 他一直在等候着，真是体贴人。 [夯实基础] (1)语法填空 ①All things considered(consider)，the plan is acceptable. ②Considering(consider) everything，this one is better. ③We are now considering changing(change) the schedule. ④He is considered(consider) reliable，so you can rely on him. ⑤He is considered to have taken(take) it the other day. (2)同义句改写 ①The proposals are now under consideration. The proposals are being discussed.(用discuss改写句子) ②You do have to consider the feelings of those around you. You do have to take the feelings of those around you into consideration.(用consideration改写句子) 1 [应试指导]　(1)主谓一致　(2)number前冠词的考查 the number of...……的数量(作主语时，动词用单数) 表示“许多；大量”的其它表达方式： ＋复数名词＋复数动词 a great/good many of＋(the，my等)修饰语＋复数名词＋复数动词 ＋ quantities of＋可数或不可数名词＋复数动词 ＋不可数名词＋单数动词 A number of problems have arisen. 已经出现了一些问题。 Quantities of food were on the table. 饭桌上有许多饭菜。 [夯实基础] 语法填空 (1)—Why does the lake smell terrible? —Because large quantities of water have been polluted(pollute). (2)The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities has been rising(rise) steadily since 1990. (3)In China，the number of cities is increasing(increase) whose development is recognized across the world. (4)A number of high buildings have arisen(arise) where there was nothing a year ago but ruins. 2 [应试指导]　非谓语动词句法功能的考查 refer...to...把……提交给……，让……参考…… refer to...as...把……称为…… in/with reference to关于…… for reference以备查阅 I promised not to refer to the matter again. 我答应过再也不提这事了。 [词义辨析]　refer to，look up 二者都有“查阅；参考”的意思，但搭配不同： (1)refer to的意思比较广泛，当“查找”讲时，其宾语多为book，dictionary等。 (2)look up的宾语多为word，information等，不可以是book，dictionary，sb.等。 [夯实基础] (1)用refer to，look up填空 ①I’d like to look up the word in the dictionary. ②If you don’t understand some words，you can refer to the dictionary. (2)语法填空 ①In his speech，he referred to a recent trip to Canada. ②The book referred(refer) to last time has been sold out. 3 turn down拒绝 turn out结果是；证明是 take turns to do.../in doing...轮流做…… turn to 转身；求助于；致力于 by turns 轮流地 The children called out their names in turn. 孩子们逐一自报姓名。 [词义辨析]　in turn，in return (1)in turn表示“依次；轮流；相应” (2)in return表示“作为对……的回报；作为回应” [夯实基础] (1)用in turn，in return填空 ①Increased production will，in turn，lead to increased profits. ②Can I invite you to dinner in return for your kind help? (2)He took turns to drive the car. He drove the car by turns.(用turn短语改写句子) 4 [多词一义]　lead to，cause，result in，bring about，give rise to lead sb.to do...使某人做…… lead sb.to...使某人得出…… lead the way带路 lead sb.by the nose牵着某人的鼻子走 in the lead领先；处于首位 take the lead带头；领先 Not far away there is a bridge that can lead him to the tree for more fruit. 不远处有一座桥可以让他到达树旁摘到更多的水果。(北京开放作文) In class I will divide the students into small groups and lead them to practice speaking English in an interesting way. 在课堂上我将把学生分成小组，用有趣的方法让他们练习说英语。(天津书面表达) [夯实基础] (1)根据汉语提示完成句子 With him ①leading the way(带路)，we got there without any difficulty.But for him，we would have been lost，which would ②lead to(导致) serious consequences.His action ③led us to believe(使我们相信) that he was our true friend. (2)这个政策将给这个地区带来更大的不稳定。(一句多译) ①This policy would lead to greater instability in the region. (lead) ②This policy would result in greater instability in the region. (result) ③This policy would contribute to greater instability in the region. (contribute) 5 e into action开始行动, bring...into action使……起作用 put...into action将……付诸实施 out of action不能再运转；失去效用；不工作 take steps/measures to do sth.采取措施做某事 I felt that it was time for me to take action. 我感觉是我采取行动的时候了。 This machine is out of action. 这台机器出了故障。 [夯实基础] 语法填空 (1)The government has taken action to protect(protect) intellectual property. (2)Please put your study plan into action. 6 [应试指导]　作为高级词汇替换besides，except 表示“除……之外”的短语： apart from/aside from除……之外，根据上下文的不同，可以分别相当于besides，except或except for。 besides＝in addition to除……之外(还，也)，常与also，more，other等连用。 except除……外(都)……，常与all，every，no，none，nothing等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。 except for除……以外，其后所跟的词往往与前面的不是同一类的，是指整体中除去的一个细节或某一方面。 Apart from the cost，the dress doesn’t suit me. 姑且不论价格，这件衣服也不适合我。 It is a good book，apart from the torn cover. 除了封面破了，它是本好书。 [夯实基础] 用besides，except，except for，apart from填空 (1)All the students took part in the sports meeting except/apart from Tom. (2)We need three more chairs besides/apart from these two. (3)Apart from/Except for the ending，it’s a really good film. 7 [多词一义]　all in all，in short，in conclusion，to conclude，in a word，in brief above all最重要的是 at all根本；全然 in all总共 after all毕竟；终究；到底 for/with all尽管 All in all，you cannot be satisfied enough to get it. 总而言之，买到它你是再满意不过了。 So you made it after all! 你毕竟成功了！ [夯实基础] 用all的短语填空 (1)Children need many things；above all，they need love from their parents. (2)In all,24 people were found guilty. (3)What is personal development after all? (4)There was only one who did not look at all unhappy. 8 in sum简而言之 a large sum of大量的 in summary总的说来 Let us sum up the recent news. 让我们总结一下最近的新闻。 Obree summed his weekend up in one word：“Disastrous.” 奥布瑞用一个词总结了他的周末经历：“灾难性的。” [夯实基础] (1)They presented a large sum of money (大量的钱)to the college. (2)In sum (简而言之)，things are going well for China. 1 Without these naturally occurring gases，the sun’s rays would bounce back into space leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on.如果没有这些自然产生的气体，太阳光将会被反射回太空中去，地球将处于寒冷之中，不适合生命的存在。 介词短语without these naturally occurring gases代替虚拟条件句，用来表达虚拟的事实。有时表假设的情况隐含在一个由介词或介词短语引起的短语中(如without，but for，otherwise等引起的短语)。 Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat，the earth at night would be freezing cold，too cold for us to live on. 如果没有大气保持太阳的热量，夜晚的地球将会非常寒冷，冷得让我们无法生存。 [夯实基础] I couldn’t have finished the work so soon without your help. (1) I couldn’t have finished the work so soon if you hadn’t helped me.(用if从句改写句子) (2)I couldn’t have finished the work so soon if it hadn’t been for your help.(用be for改写句子) (3)I couldn’t have finished the work so soon but for your help.(用but for改写句子) 2 There has been terrible flooding in Asia，Africa，America and Oceania.亚洲、非洲、美洲和大洋洲都发生过可怕的洪涝灾害。 (1)there be句型的完成时为there have/has been...。 (2)某些表示存在、发生、出现、坐落等意义的不及物动词也可与there连用，如：appear，belong，e，enter，exist，flash，follow，happen，lie，live，occur，remain，run，rise，seem，shine，stand等动词。 (3)there be的非谓语形式是there to be和there being两种形式。它们可以在句中作主语、宾语、状语。作动词宾语时，通常用there to be，能这样用的动词常见的有want，like，intend，expect，hate等。作介词宾语时，如介词为for，后跟there to be，如是其他介词用there being。作状语时，常用there being。作主语时，两者皆可，但在there to be前要加介词for。 There has been a modern school in our town. 我们镇已经有一所现代化的学校了。 [夯实基础] 翻译句子 (1)我希望他有很多找到工作的机会。 I expect there to be many chances for him to get the job. (2)没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being nothing else to do，we went home. 3 单元语法 ——语法填空 (1)Your work must be finished (finish) by tomorrow. (2)The plan is going to be carried (carry) out next week. (3)I was made to copy (copy) ten pages of the book. (4)The film is worthy to be seen (see). (5)He said he would go (go) to Beijing the next day. 高考题组 Ⅰ.短文改错(xx浙江) Two years before，I traveled to Brazil and I rented for a car.Unfortunate，I had an accident and hit another car，and I needed to stay in a hospital for at least two week.I called my parents，so I did not tell them what had happened.I knew that they will be worried about myself because I was so farther away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.Therefore，I told them interested stories and how I was enjoying Brazil.As a result，nobody knew truth.I still think that it was the right thing to do. 答案 Two years ，I traveled to Brazil and I rented for a car.，I had an accident and hit another car，and I needed to stay in a hospital for at least two .I called my parents， I did not tell them what had happened.I knew that they be worried about because I was so away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.Therefore，I told them stories and how I was enjoying Brazil.As a result，nobody knew truth.I still think that it was the right thing to do. Ⅱ.写作常用句翻译 1.不要以自我为中心，尽力多为他人考虑。(considerate)(xx江苏书面表达) Don’t be selfcentered and try to be considerate. 2.但是，当事情超出我的能力时，我就向同学或老师求助。(beyond)(2011安徽书面表达) However，when it is something beyond my petence，I turn to my classmates or teachers for help. 3.当我面临困难时，通常选择参考相关的学习材料或网站。(refer to)(2011安徽书面表达) When I am faced with a difficulty，I usually choose to refer to relevant learning materials or Web pages. 模拟题组 Ⅰ.语法填空 1.He is thought to have acted (act) foolishly.Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. 2.He demanded that quick action (should) be taken (take) before things got even worse. 3.I couldn’t have gone through that bitter period without your generous help. 4.—Bruce has recently been promoted to the sales manager. —Oh，considering (consider) his great contributions to the pany，he is really worthy of the position. 5.Finding a job in such a big pany has always been beyond his wildest dreams. 6.The discovery of new evidence led to the thief being caught (catch). 7.A great number of children whose parents had died in the earthquake were sent (send) to live with families in other cities. 8.It is impossible for there to be (be) an escape from the building. 9.The program keeps me off the streets，without which I probably would be wandering around right now. 10.—Why don’t we choose that road to save time? —The bridge to it is being repaired (repair). Ⅱ.单句改错 1.Having trapped in the traffic jam for hours，he became impatient.Having后加上been 2.We must obey the principle all men are innocent until they are proved guilty.principle后加上that 3.We will discuss the problem referring to at yesterday’s meeting.referring→referred 4.The newer will be the substitute with me as your English teacher.with→for 5.The policewoman seized the thief by his arm immediately.his→the 6.By any means are we satisfied with what he explained.any→no 7.Diana is a considering boss who is always willing to listen.considering→considerate 8.The government was already taken action to stop the strike.was→has 9.To be great，you must be smart，confident，and，